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1

Radon exposure in kindergartens in one Bulgarian district

Angelova Antoaneta, Chobanova Nina, Kunovska Bistra, Djunakova Desislava, Ivanova Kremena, Stojanovska Zdenka

Nukleonika

|

2023

|

Vol. 68, No. 2

51--56

EN

The major part of the radiation dose that humans receive from natural radioactive sources is due to inhalation of radon and its decay products. The study focuses on radon concentration (CRn) investigation in kindergartens and nurseries in the district of Montana. The infl uence of building characteristics on CRn was evaluated. The measurement of the CRn was performed using passive detectors. The survey was carried out between December 2019 and May 2020 with a total number of 602 detectors. The average value of CRn in the premises of the studied kindergartens and nurseries in this district is 125 Bq·m−3 , and the geometric mean (GM) value is 88 Bq·m−3 . The buildings that have built ventilation and sewerage systems have lower CRn. The effective doses of the children and workers were evaluated in order to assess the radon exposure.

2

Revitalization as an action in space - case study of large cities in Poland and Bulgaria

Krajewska Małgorzata, Szopińska Kinga, Siemińska Ewa, Kostov Ivo

GIS Odyssey Journal

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2022

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Vol. 2, no. 1

153--173

EN

The main goal of revitalization is to improve the spatial condition of the city, which improves its image and increases the value of space. Any revitalization process requires the acquisition of geolocation data. This data can help visualize the spatial changes that were the goal of revitalization efforts. Acquiring such data is not always easy and requires the use of multiple sources of GIS information. The purpose of this paper is a spatial presentation of the analyzed areas with their identification before and after the revitalization process using spatial data made available in an open resource on Google Maps map application. Data is presented for two cities: Bydgoszcz (Poland), Varna (Bulgaria), characterized by a similar population. The paper uses current and archival orthophotos of the revitalized areas, Street View panoramic views from street level and own photographic documentation. The results of the analysis show that regardless of the stage of revitalization, the use of spatial data is essential in the designation of a degraded area, as well as later in its design, monitoring and management.

3

The Link Between Habitats and Carbon Accumulation From Natural Forest Regrowth in Borino Municipality (Southern Bulgaria)

Grigorov Borislav

Civil and Environmental Engineering Reports

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2021

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Vol. 31, no. 1

182--191

EN

Carbon accumulation in forests is an important step towards achieving better climate mitigation levels. The current research aims at uncovering the link between the NATURA 2000 habitats in Borino Municipality, Southern Bulgaria and the expected carbon sequestration from natural forest regrowth for the period 2020-2050. The case study area currently is of a predominantly mountainous character with a number of forests – a prerequisite for enlargement of the carbon pools. Nevertheless, there are also grassland habitats, which participate in this process as well. The results of the research show that the southern parts of the municipality possess a larger potential for carbon accumulation with levels, reaching 1.10 and 1.28Mg C ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹. The promising outcomes may be used as an example of an investigation of climate mitigation and may serve as a basis for broadening the geographical range in other municipalities in the region.

4

Carbon Accumulation Potential from Natural Forest Regrowth of Godech Municipality, Western Bulgaria

Grigorov Borislav

Civil and Environmental Engineering Reports

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2021

|

Vol. 31, no. 1

192--199

EN

The present research deals with carbon sequestration, as an important process for mitigating the effects of climate change. The investigation focuses on a 30-year period and it covers only aboveground biomass that builds up from natural forest regrowth, excluding any plantation techniques. Potential carbon sequestration rate from natural forest regrowth in Godech Municipality was measured in Mg C ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ and the resolution of the map was 1x1 km. The results of the study display that carbon accumulation values in the researched area were consistent with those that were expected in the largest parts of Bulgaria. The biggest share of Godech Municipality falls within the range of 0.82 – 0.96 Mg C ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ with restricted areas around the villages of Barlya, Smolcha, Gubesh, Murgash and Varbnitsa that may accumulate between 0.96 – 1.11 Mg C ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹. In conclusion, carbon accumulation only from natural forest regrowth provides representative information, however it would have been better if different plantation techniques were regarded as well. The successful results of the investigation should encourage other studies of this type in the neighbouring municipalities.

5

The USSR’s politics of history toward the Slavic countries of the Eastern Bloc: formal and institutional frameworks. 1945-1989

Szumski Jan

Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki

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2019

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T. 64, nr 4

61--81

EN

The article focuses on the problems of Soviet ‘politics of history’ in the Eastern Bloc in 1945-1989 by the example of selected Slavic countries: Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Bulgaria. The implementation of the Soviet system of political control over history proceeded extremely reluctantly and with varying intensity depending on the historical period and particular country. The scope and degree of interference into the affairs of local disciplines of history in above-mentioned countries changed with the political situation and new tendencies in social and political life. Actions aimed at the history of Slavic countries were sanctioned by the CPSU and implemented in accordance with the interests of the State and the Communist Party of the USSR. Kremlin inspired and subsequently oversaw the realization of joint academic projects, provided guidelines on how to research and interpret historic events, thus constituting a significant element of its ‘politics of history’.

PL

Artykuł poświęcony jest problemom radzieckiej „polityki historycznej” w bloku wschodnim w latach 1945-1989 na przykładzie wybranych krajów słowiańskich: Polski, Czechosłowacji i Bułgarii. Wprowadzanie radzieckiego systemu politycznej kontroli nad historią postępowało opornie i z różnym natężeniem, zależnym od okresu i kraju. Zakres i stopień wpływu na nauki historyczne w wymienionych krajach zmieniał się wraz z sytuacją polityczną oraz nowymi trendami w życiu społecznym i politycznym. Działania wobec historii krajów słowiańskich były sankcjonowane przez KPZR i wprowadzane zgodnie z interesami państwa i Partii. Kreml inspirował, a następnie nadzorował realizację wspólnych projektów badawczych, zapewniał wskazówki, jak należy badać i interpretować wydarzenia historyczne, ustanawiając w ten sposób istotny element swojej „polityki historycznej”.

6

Fish Pass Functionality in Relation to the Dynamics of Hydrological Conditions in the Upper Course of the River Iskar (Case Study)

Petkova Silviya, Kanev Emil, Dimitrova Ina, Kisliakov Dimitar, Uzunova Eliza

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2019

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Vol. 20, nr 6

66--72

EN

The investigated fish pass is a part of а low-head hydrostatic pressure machine (HPM) located on an existing weir in the upper Iskar River. Monitoring of the hydraulic features of the fish pass was performed under different hydraulic conditions. Diversity and abundance of the local fish fauna was investigated with the aim to verify target fish species. A major limiting factor for using of the fish pass during flood periods was high water velocity (both inside the fish pass and at the fish pass downstream entrance), while during the low water discharge periods it was the insufficient water depth in some pools and the significant differences between the water levels in adjacent pools. The difference between the water levels at the entrance and exit of the fish pass reduces the chances for access of small-sized fish species. Some measures for improving fish pass functionality were developed. Several re-construction solutions were proposed in an attempt to help solving the identified problems.

7

Changes in Environmental Attitudes in Selected Countries of Central and Eastern Europe

Rydzewski P.

Problemy Ekorozwoju

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2016

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Vol. 11, nr 1

65--72

EN

The ISSP Environment data from 1993-2010 were used to show changes in environmental attitudes in four countries of Central and Eastern Europe: the Czech Republic, Slovenia, Bulgaria and Russia. Eight indicators were taken into account in the analysis. The Czech Republic and Slovenia displayed the most similar trends, whereas in Bulgaria and Russia these trends were slightly different. Generally, it can be concluded that pro-environmental attitudes strengthened, especially in the Czech Republic and Slovenia, or at least maintained the same level.

PL

Wykorzystując dane ISSP Environment z lat 1993-2010 ukazano przemiany postaw wobec środowiska naturalnego w czterech krajach Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej: Czechach, Słowenii, Bułgarii i Rosji. W analizach uwzględniono 8 wskaźników. W zakresie tendencji, krajami najbardziej podobnymi są Czechy i Słowenia. Bułgaria nieco różni się od tych dwóch krajów, podobnie Rosja. Jeżeli pominąć szczegóły, można dojść do wniosku, że w latach 1993-2010 postawy pro-środowiskowe uległy w tych krajach wzmocnieniu (zwłaszcza w Cechach i Słowenii) lub też przynajmniej utrzymały się na dotychczasowym poziomie.

8

Konstrukcje bułgarskich samochodów osobowych w latach 1945-1990

Zakrzewski B., Dzieniowska A., Krysiuk C., Pawlak P.

Logistyka

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2015

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nr 3

5051--5059, CD 1

PL

Bułgaria nigdy nie zasłynęła z produkcji samochodów osobowych. Ich produkcja nie udała się ze względu na nieduży rynek zbytu. Bardziej opłacało się Bułgarom importować samochody osobowe np. od sąsiadów, zwłaszcza z tzw. bloku wschodniego, niż wytężać siły i środki na produkcję własnego samochodu. Nie oznacza to jednak, że nie podejmowano prób produkcji w Bułgarii samochodów osobowych. Tych prób było zresztą całkiem sporo np. w kooperacji sowiecko-bułgarskiej (Moskwicz), francusko-bułgarskiej (Bulgaralpine) czy włosko-bułgarskiej (Pirin-Fiat). W artykule scharakteryzowano typy i modele samochodów osobowych produkowanych w Bułgarii w latach 1945-1990.

EN

Bulgaria has never become famous for the production of passenger cars. Their production was not successful due to the small market. It was more profitable for the Bulgarians to import passenger cars, for example, from the neighbours especially, so-called, Eastern bloc ones, than exert themselves and the resources to produce their own car. This does not mean, however, that there were no attempts to manufacture passenger cars in Bulgaria. Moreover, these attempts were quite a few, e.g. in cooperation with the Soviet Union (Moskvitch), France (Bulgaralpine) and Italy (Pirin-Fiat). The article describes the types and models of passenger cars manufactured in Bulgaria in 1945-1990.

9

Biomass of the xerothermic oak ecosystem on a site of community importance, BG0001040 "Zapadna stara planina i predbalkan", Bulgaria

Lyubenova M., Dimitrova V., Georgieva N., Dimitrov D.

Drewno : prace naukowe, doniesienia, komunikaty

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2014

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vol. 57, nr 192

89--106

EN

The belowground and aboveground biomass was estimated for the tree story, sprouts and seedling regeneration in a representative Quercus frainetto – Quercus cerris ecosystem on “Zapadna Stara planina i Predbalkan”, a Site of Community Importance (SCI). The biomass was measured by destructive sampling (on sample or “model trees” representing three calculated density classes for each species and cut at the stump) of leaves, annual and perennial branches, wood, bark and root components. The belowground (root) biomass was also calculated from a subsample. The data obtained were compared to the results of previous studies and the values on the Bazilevich and Rodin [1971] scale. The ecological status of the forest ecosystem studied and its functional efficiency are discussed based on the study results and specific climate data.

10

Kwestie narodowościowe na Bałkanach jako przykład konfliktu cywilizacyjnego – wybrane zagadnienia

Jagiełło-Szostak A.

Zeszyty Naukowe / Wyższa Szkoła Oficerska Wojsk Lądowych im. gen. T. Kościuszki

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2013

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Nr 1

24--35

PL

Na obszarze Bałkanów ścierają się wpływy trzech cywilizacji. Wojna w latach 90. XX w. i rozpad wielonarodowościowej Jugosławii uwidoczniły istnienie zadawnionych konfliktów między cywilizacją prawosławną, cywilizacją zachodnią oraz cywilizacją islamską (np. spór serbsko-chorwacki czy muzułmańsko-serbski). Obecnie potencjalnymi punktami zapalnymi są: w Serbii-Wojwodina ze znaczną mniejszością węgierską oraz dążący do autonomii muzułmański Sandżak, trudne współistnienie w jednym państwie Bośni i Hercegowinie trzech narodów: Muzułmanów Serbów i Chorwatów, kwestia mniejszości tureckiej i Pomaków w Bułgarii. Podziały te spowodowane są występowaniem różnic historycznych, językowych, religijnych, kulturowych i narodowościowych. Odmienność ta sprawia, że narodom i mniejszościom narodowym, zamieszkującym region Bałkanów, trudniej jest się integrować, co przejawia się w chęci tworzenia własnych autonomii lub dążeniu do stworzenia własnych jednolitych narodowościowo obszarów. Poszczególne kraje wspierane są również politycznie w obrębie kręgów cywilizacyjnych, np.: Bośniaccy Muzułmanie przez kraje arabskie, Serbia przez Rosję, a Chorwacja przez UE i Watykan.

EN

The huge impact of three civilizations on the Balkan Peninsula is the basis of this article. The war that took place in the 1990s and after the breakup of Yugoslavia exposed the existence of several unresolved conflicts between Catholic, Orthodox and Islamic civilizations. In the article the author also takes account of present trouble spots such as: in Serbia, Vojvodina with a large Catholic Hungarian minority and Muslim Sanjak of Novi Pazar, aiming to gain autonomy; the mutual coexistence of Muslims, Serbs and Croats in the strongly divided state of Bosnia and Herzegovina; the question of Turkish and Pomaks minority in Bulgaria. This sort of divisions are caused by historical, linguistic, religious, cultural and nation-al differences. The variety of dissimilarities have caused various problems such as: problems with the integration of minorities, with the creation of national autonomous regions or with the building of national states. Moreover, the minorities and states from one civilization circles are supported politically, militarily or economically by the same civilization (for example Bosnian Muslims are supported by Arab states, Serbia by Greece and Russia, Croatia and Slovenia by the European Union).

11

Fotowoltaika w Bułgarii

Szymczuk D., Gembarzewski O., Gołyga A., Zdrojewska A.

Zeszyty Naukowe Politechniki Rzeszowskiej. Budownictwo i Inżynieria Środowiska

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2012

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z. 59, nr 2/II/II

763--768

PL

Bułgaria jest krajem, posiadającym bardzo dobre warunki usłonecznienia. Dzięki temu stała się atrakcyjnym krajem dla inwestycji w energetykę słoneczną. Przystępne dla inwestorów prawo energetyczne sprawia, że w ostatnim czasie kraj ten wysunął się na czoło państw europejskich w dynamice rozwoju fotowoltaiki. W niniejszej pracy scharakteryzowano rozwój tego sektora.

EN

Bulgaria is a country with very good insolation conditions. This allowed to be an attractive country for investment in solar energy. Energy law accessible for investors makes that recently this country has moved forward to the forefront of European countries in the dynamics of photovoltaic development. This work characterizes the development of this sector.

12

Prolific development of pachythecaliines in Late Barremian, Bulgaria: coral taxonomy and sedimentary environment

Kołodziej B., Ivanov M., Idakieva V.

Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae

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2012

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Vol. 82, No. 4

291–-330

EN

Diversified and abundant corals of the suborder Pachythecaliina (order Hexanthiniaria) are described from Upper Barremian, biostromal reefs of the Emen Formation, Lovech Urgonian Group, north central Bulgaria. The corals are mostly of the phaceloid growth form and represent 14 species (six new), 12 genera (three new), belonging to five families. Pachythecaliines occur with the small, monopleurid cylindrical rudist Mathesia darderi. The rudists frequently are densely clustered, occur between coral branches or are in contact with them. Other corals, with the exception of the phaceloid Calamophylliopsis, and other rudists, are rare. Non-laminated microbialite crusts provided additional, structural support for bioconstruction development. Microbialites (automicrites) can be interpreted as a product of microbial activity, or alternatively, as a result of carbonate precipitation, brought about by non-living organic substrates (organomineralization s.s.). In addition to microbialites, metazoans are encrusted by heterotrophic skeletal microorganisms, while photophilic and oligotrophic microencrusters, usually common in other coral-bearing limestones of the Emen Formation, are very rare. The section at the Rusalya Quarry (NW of Veliko Tarnovo), about 42 m thick, provides the sedimentary and environmental context for the reefal biostromes. The vertical biotic and sedimentary succession displays a general shallowing trend: from the outer carbonate platform with bioclastic limestones containing small boundstone patches (corals, but not pachythecaliines, Lithocodium aggregatum), to the inner platform with rudist biostromes. The pachythecaliine-rich biostromes, 2.5 m thick, were developed in a low-energy environment, referred to the distal part of the rudist-dominated area of the platform. The development of microbialites was facilitated by a low sedimentation rate, and possibly by increased nutrient level. Only poorly diversified and non-phaceloid pachythecaliines occur in other coral-rich limestones and marls of the Urgonian complex in Bulgaria. The assemblage described is the most remarkable, Early Cretaceous coral community worldwide, with regard to pachythecaliines. Phaceloid pachythecaliines are only more common in the Upper Jurassic rocks, being particularly diversified in the Tithonian–Lower Berriasian Štramberk Limestone (Czech Republic) and its equivalent in the Polish Outer Carpathians. However, their sedimentary context differs from that described for the corals of the Emen Formation.

13

Fugo S.A. modernizuje koparki w Bułgarii

Przybyła M., Głowacki J., Sztorch S.

Górnictwo Odkrywkowe

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2011

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R. 52, nr 3-4

112-117

PL

W artykule omówiono aktualną sytuacją oraz perspektywy rozwoju górnictwa węgla brunatnego w Republice Bułgarii. Zwrócono także uwagę na nakłady jakie obecnie przeznaczane są w celu dalszego rozwoju tej dziedziny gospodarki. Jednym z elementów jest modernizacja obecnie eksploatowanych maszyn podstawowych w największym zagłębiu węgla brunatnego w Bułgarii. Modernizację tych maszyn wykonała polska firma FUGO S.A. z Konina. Modernizacji poddano 5 koparek, efekty tych prac pokazano w niniejszym artykule.

EN

Current situation and prospects for development of brown coal mining in Republic of Bulgaria have been presented in the paper. Present expenditures for development of this branch of economy have been pointed out. Modernization of currently exploited machines in the largest brown coal basin in Bulgaria is one of the aspects. Modernizations of these machines have been conducted by Polish company FUGO S.A. from Konin. Five excavators were modernized. Effects of this modernization have been presented in the paper.

14

Podstawy zintegrowanego sterowania zasobami wodnymi na obszarach krasowych na przykładzie Wyżyny Dobrudży w Bułgarii

Radeva K.

Gospodarka Wodna

|

2011

|

Nr 11

458-462

PL

Przedstawiono wyniki badań i podstawy zintegrowanego zarządzania zasobami wodnymi na obszarach krasowych na przykładzie Wyżyny Dobrudży (w granicach Bułgarii), spełniające wymogi racjonalnej polityki wodnej z punktu widzenia nowego prawa wodnego, wprowadzonego w Bułgarii w 1999 r.

EN

The article presents the results of research and rudiments of the integrated water resources management in karstic areas on the example of the Dobrudja Upland (within the borders of Bulgaria), ful-filling the requirements of the rational water policy imposed by the new water law act, adopted in Bulgaria in 1999.

15

Zarządzanie elektroodpadami w Bułgarii

Dimov V.

Recykling

|

2009

|

nr 1

25-27

PL

Statystyki podają, że każdy mieszkaniec Unii Europejskiej wytwarza przeciętnie ponad 500 kg odpadów rocznie, z czego ok. 17-20 kg to odpady elektryczne i elektroniczne. Nieprzetworzone negatywnie oddziaływują na ludzkie zdrowie i środowisko. Z tego względu zarządzanie tymi odpadami jest bardzo ważne, a wręcz konieczne.

16

A velocity field for Romania and Bulgaria

Aichhorn C., Stangl G., Krauss S.

Reports on Geodesy

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2008

|

z. 1/84

17-21

17

Europejskie systemy zarządzania zasobami wodnymi - Bułgaria

Mitraszewska A.

Gospodarka Wodna

|

2008

|

Nr 9

358-361

PL

Artykuł poświęcono systemowi zarządzania zasobami wodnymi w Bułgarii, państwu, które dołączyło do Wspólnoty Europejskiej w 2007 r.

EN

The article presents the system of water resources management in Bulgaria, a state that joined the European Union in 2007.

18

Oxfordian to Valanginian palaeoenviron- mental evolution on the western Moesian Carbonate Platform: a case study from SW Bulgaria

Ivanova D., Kołodziej B., Koleva-Rekalova E., Roniewicz E.

Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae

|

2008

|

Vol. 78, No 2

65-90

EN

Three sections (Rebro, Lyalintsi and Velinovo) of the Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous carbonate sequences from the Lyubash unit (Srednogorie, Balkanides, SW Bulgaria) have been studied for elucidation of biostratigraphy and palaeoenvironmental evolution. Palaeontological studies of foraminifera, supplemented by studies of calcareous dinoflagellate cysts and corals, enabled the determination of the Oxfordian-Valanginian age of the analysed sequences. They were deposited on the Dragoman Block (western part of the Moesian Platform), and during Mid-Late Cretaceous included to the Srednogorie. A possible Middle to Late Callovian age of the lowermost part (overlying the Bajocian-Lower Bathonian Polaten Formation) of the studied sections assumed till now has not been confirmed by the present studies. Eleven facies have been distinguished and attributed to depositional environments. Marine sedimentation on a homoclinal ramp started in the Oxfordian and till the Early Kimmeridgian - in all three sections - was dominated by fine-grained peloidal-bioclastic wackestones to grainstones. Since the Late Kimmeridgian, when a rimmed platform established, facies pattern underwent differentiation into (i) the inner platform (lagoon and tidal flat facies) - only in Velinovo, (ii) reef and peri-reef facies/bioclastic shoals - mainly in Lyalintsi, and (iii) platform slope - mainly in Rebro. Sedimentation generally displays a shallowing-upward trend. Two stages in evolution of the rimmed platform are postulated. The mobile stage lasting till the Tithonian/Berriasian boundary was followed by a more stable stage in the Berriasian to Valanginian time. Reefs are developed mainly as coral-microbial biostromes, lower coral bioherms or coral thickets, in the environment of moderate energy and sedimentation. They contain highly diversified corals (72 species). Micro- bialites contributed to the reef framework, but they never dominated. Locally, microencrusters and cement crusts formed important part of reefal framework. During the mobile stage of the platform evolution a relative sea-level rise interrupted reef development, as evidenced by intercalations of limestones with Saccocoma. During the second stage high carbonate production and/or regressive eustatic events, not balanced by subsidence, decreased accommodation space, limiting reef growth and enhancing carbonate export to distal parts of the platform.

19

Facies transition and biostratigraphic correlation of the Upper Silurian and Lower Devonian in West Bulgaria

Boncheva I., Sachanski V., Lakova I., Yaneva M.

Geological Quarterly

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2007

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Vol. 51, No 4

407-418

EN

Upper Silurian and Lower Devonian shelf deposits in West Bulgaria are exposed in three main Alpine tectonic units: the West Balkan Unit, the Lyubash Monocline and the Morava Unit. The West Balkan and Lyubash units consist of siliciclastic deposits: black graptolitic shales, banded pale shales and black siltstones. The Ludlow, Pridoli, Lochkovian, Pragian and Emsian were recognized on the basis of graptolite and tentaculite faunas. In the Morava Unit, the Ludlow black shales are progressively replaced by clayey limestones and nodular and micritic limestones in the Pridoli and Early Devonian. Newly obtained conodonts show the presence of the siluricus, eosteinhornensis, woschmidti, postwoschmidti, delta-pesavis, sulcatus, dehiscens and gronbergi zones. Petrographic study of the Morava Unit shows an increasing carbonate content and shallowing conditions upwards. The biostratigraphical correlation and facies interpretation reveal the coeval existence of two different depositional environments within the same shelf basin as well as a gradual shift in proximal direction.

20

Towards an ammonite subzonation of the Toarcian in Bulgaria

Metodiev L.

Volumina Jurassica

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2006

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Vol. 4, no. 1

186-188

EN

A scheme of 9 ammonite zones and 16 subzones for the Toarcian of the Balkan Mts. is given. It is an amplification of the standard put forward by Sapunov (1968) for the Toarcian in Bulgaria. The subzones and some zones are newly proposed. They are still in working phase and need refinement. This zonal (subzonal) set is enhanced by range chart of the ammonite genera found in Bulgaria and juxtaposed to the scheme of Elmi et al. (1997) (Fig. 1). Tenuicostatum Zone (Crosbeyi and Semicelatum subzones). The zone corresponds to the range of Dactylioceras (Orthodactylites). Protogrammoceras and Tiltoniceras are also available. The subzones are defined by the ranges of D. (O.) clevelandicum and D. (O.) crosbeyi as well as D. (O.) tenuicostatum and D. (O.) semicelatum. Falciferum Zone (Serpentinum and Falciferum subzones). The zone embraces the ranges of Harpoceras and Hildaites. The former were recently found to come out upwards outside the zone. The ranges of H. serpentinum and Hildaites define the Serpentinum Subzone. The advent of the zonal index and the mass-incoming of Hildoceras fix the Falciferum Subzone. Bifrons Zone (Lusitanicum, Bifrons and Semipolitum subzones). The subzones accepted herein are based on the successive ranges of the species of Hildoceras. Associates of Dactylioceratidae are also present, though too sporadically. Haugia and Phymatoceras arise at the top of the zone, which ends at the last occurrence of Hildoceras. Variabilis Zone. The zone was formerly placed in the Lower Toarcian, while here it is laid in the Upper Toarcian. The zone comprises the latest Dactylioceratidae, Chartronia and Denckmannia. It is limited at the top by the advent of Pseudogrammoceras and Podagrosites. Haugia ammonites are rare and of less biostratigraphical value than in NW Europe. Two subzones could be used: Collina spp. and Chartronia- Denckmannia spp. Thouarsense Zone (Bingmanni, Thouarsense and Fascigerum subzones). The zone as here understood is narrower than in the older scheme. It is defined in terms of its subzones, being composed of species of Pseudogrammoceras, Grammoceras and Esericeras. The top is taken at the extinction of Grammoceras and Esericeras. Fallaciosum Zone. Owing to the particular abundance of its index, it is used as separate zone. The extinction of Pseudogrammoceras and Podagrosites and the advent of Phlyseogrammoceras and Pseudolillia trace the upper limit. Dispansum Zone. No authentic record caused it wasn’t be into the standard. It is now clearly discernible by species of Phlyseogrammoceras, Hammatoceras, Hudlestonia and Pseudolillia. Pseudoradiosa Zone (Levesquei and Pseudoradiosa subzones). It is instead of the older Levesquei and Moorei zones as being framed throughout by finely ribbed Dumortieria. These are ruling in the Pseudoradiosa Subzone. Coarsely ribbed species are dominant in the Levesquei Subzone. Aalensis Zone (Mactra and Aalensis subzones). A succession of finely ribbed and more evolute Pleydellia and P. (Cotteswoldia) (Mactra Subzone) followed by P. (Walkericeras) and finely ribbed but less evolute Pleydellia (Aalensis Subzone) defines the zone. First Pseudammatoceras, Bredyia and Czernyeiceras appear at the top.