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1

Environmental risk assessment in the background of armed conflict in the Black Sea Area. A case study for a container terminal in the port of Constanța

Stefanov N. O., Rauca L.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2023

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Vol. 17 No. 3

545--551

EN

The year 2022 was marked by economic risks with potentially very sensitive impacts for countries in the Black Sea region. Given the limited capacity of Ukrainian ports, as well as the sanctions imposed on Russia, due to ongoing conflict, it was necessary to identify new destinations capable of taking over the flow of goods that normally went to the countries involved in this conflict. In addition to the risks specific to maritime transport, the risk of armed conflict comes with new challenges that can also materialize in the form of environmental impact. To analyze this potential impact, the study is being focused mainly on the analysis of the pollution risk generated by the emissions caused by the vessels calling the container terminal CSCT, located in Constanța harbor, and the emissions generated by the vehicles moving in the terminal. As estimated from the start all levels of pollution have increased, with the level of CO2 increasing from 11072.7 tons in 2021 to 11915.7 tons in 2022. The NOx emissions have a similar trend, as well as the other emission level measured and calculated.

2

Drony-kamikadze kontra okręty - wybrane aspekty wojny na Morzu Czarnym 2022-2023

Rochowicz Robert

Problemy Techniki Uzbrojenia

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2023

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R. 52, z. 167

271--282

PL

Wojna ukraińsko-rosyjska przynosi od początku jej trwania wiele zaskakujących rozstrzygnięć militarnych. Bez wątpienia jednym z nich jest sytuacja rosyjskiej marynarki wojennej na Morzu Czarnym. Ukraina nie posiada już w zasadzie żadnego okrętu bojowego, a jednak potrafi innymi siłami i środkami wykonywać skuteczne uderzenia, co i rusz uszczuplając stan posiadania strony przeciwnej eliminując definitywnie lub poważnie uszkadzając kolejne jednostki pływające. W artykule przedstawiono aktualny stan wiedzy, dotyczącej używanych przez Ukrainę morskich bezzałogowych pojazdów bezzałogowych, opartej, co oczywiste, przede wszystkim na podstawie potwierdzonych doniesień agencyjnych z toczącej się wojny ukraińsko-rosyjskiej oraz wszelkich udostępnianych przez Ukrainę materiałów, pozwalających poznać szczegóły taktyczno-techniczne tego rodzaju uzbrojenia.

3

On the possibility of the utilization of hydrogen sulfide from the Black Sea

Simova Iskra, Velichkova Rositsa, Uzunova Milka, Angelova Radostina, Stankov Peter, Atanasov Koycho

Polityka Energetyczna

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2023

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T. 26, z. 2

183--194

EN

Looking for alternative sources of energy to generate electricity has been a hot topic for society for a very long time. The need to replace current energy resources such as fuel, oil, and gas is increasing, and the replacement comes from energy obtained from the wind, sun, and sea waves. In many cases, valuable raw materials can be obtained in addition to energy production, while having a significant environmental effect simultaneously. The shortage of energy and raw material resources in many countries stimulates the growth of interest in all potential sources of energy – solar, wind, wave, tidal – has lead to accelerating the demand for oil and gas, shale gas, as well as the expansion of the areas for the cultivation of technical crops for biofuels. Classical energy resources like oil, gas and coal are serious polluters of the natural environment. Especially harmful is the release of carbon dioxide and sulfur oxides during the exploitation of these resources. A significant energy raw material potential of non-traditional resources lies in the waters and bottom of the Black Sea, which is a natural geobiotechnological reactor, capable of producing a variety of energy raw resources. This paper discusses the use of hydrogen sulfide available in the Black Sea waters to produce energy and useful industrial products and proposes the respective. The technology also has an ecological effect in terms of the purification of the hydrogen sulfide pool. The paper also discusses some technologies for the separation of hydrogen sulfide to hydrogen and sulfur. An estimation of the heat value of hydrogen sulfide in the water of the Black Sea is also presented.

PL

Poszukiwanie alternatywnych źródeł energii do produkcji energii elektrycznej od dawna jest gorącym tematem w społeczeństwie. Konieczność zastąpienia obecnych źródeł energii, takich jak paliwo, ropa naftowa i gaz, jest coraz większa, a pochodzi ono z energii pozyskiwanej z wiatru, słońca i fal morskich. W wielu przypadkach, oprócz produkcji energii, można pozyskać cenne surowce, mając jednocześnie znaczący wpływ na środowisko. Niedobór surowców energetycznych i surowcowych w wielu krajach stymuluje wzrost zainteresowania wszystkimi potencjalnymi źródłami energii – słońcem, wiatrem, falami, pływami – doprowadził do przyspieszenia popytu na ropę i gaz, gaz łupkowy, a także ekspansji powierzchni pod uprawę roślin technicznych na biopaliwa. Klasyczne źródła energii, takie jak ropa naftowa, gaz i węgiel, poważnie zanieczyszczają środowisko naturalne. Szczególnie szkodliwe jest wydzielanie się dwutlenku węgla i tlenków siarki podczas eksploatacji tych zasobów. Znaczący potencjał surowcowy energii nietradycyjnych zasobów tkwi w wodach i dnie Morza Czarnego, które jest naturalnym reaktorem geobiotechnologicznym, zdolnym do produkcji różnorodnych surowców energetycznych. W artykule omówiono wykorzystanie siarkowodoru dostępnego w wodach Morza Czarnego do produkcji energii i użytecznych produktów przemysłowych oraz zaproponowano odpowiednie rozwiązania. Technologia ma również efekt ekologiczny w zakresie oczyszczania basenu siarkowodoru. W artykule omówiono również niektóre technologie rozdziału siarkowodoru na wodór i siarkę. Przedstawiono również oszacowanie wartości opałowej siarkowodoru w wodach Morza Czarnego.

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The high-impact sea-effect snowstorm of February 2020 over the southern Black Sea

Demirtaş Meral

Acta Geophysica

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2023

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Vol. 71, no. 3

1361--1371

EN

The early February 2020 wintry weather set in across the southern Black Sea and northern coastal region of Turkey. During the high-impact snowstorm event, northerly winds carried cold arctic air across the relatively warmer Black Sea, which caused intense sea-effect snow showers. The omega-block pattern was present on successive days. Atmospheric blocking analysis was conducted with an objective two-dimensional index. Blocking analysis indicated that it was related to quasi-stationary the north-eastern Atlantic ridge, which was the most favourable position for leading to cold spells over the Black Sea, because it enabled a prominent downstream trough there. Key factors conducive to sea-effect snowfall over the southern Black Sea were noted highlight for this weather phenomenon: (i) an upper-tropospheric trough—which carried warm and moist air masses from the Black Sea towards the lands; (ii) a prolonged ridge in the upper troposphere—which was associated with a blocking anticyclone at the surface; (iii) directional wind shear was less than 60° at the boundary layer; (iv) low-level winds were approximately 10–15 ms−1 and suitable wind direction; (v) temperature differences between the sea surface and the 850-hPa level were higher than critical limit of 13 °C; (vi) the ratio between the average low-level wind and the fetch was 0.033, which was good enough for cloud formation. Main findings indicated that the dynamical factors and meso-scale ingredients triggering and maintaining this sea-effect snowstorm were satisfactory, and they were essential to pinpoint the underlying factors of high-impact sea-effect snowfall.

5

Feeding intensity and daily mussel consumption of Rapa whelk (Rapana venosa) in the north-western Black Sea

Stadnichenko Svitlana, Kurakin Aleksandr

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2022

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Vol. 51, No. 4

334--354

EN

Based on an experiment carried out in the north-western Black Sea (Snake Island), the feeding behavior of the Rapa whelk (Rapana venosa Valenciennes, 1846) was analyzed in relation to its size (N = 58; shell height: 30–90 mm). Mediterranean mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis Lamarck, 1819) were placed in experimental cages with R. venosa to be used as food. It was found that the size of the prey was determined by the size of the predator. The mussels with a shell length of 20−40 mm were most affected by R. venosa. It was determined that the predator’s contribution to the deposition of mussel shells in the bottom sediments is also associated with its size. Feeding intensity varies from 41 mg to 99 mg of the total mass of mussels per 1 g of the total mass of R. venosa per day, depending on the size of the predator. The daily consumption of mussel soft tissue varied from 0.189 g ind.−1 per day−1 in small R. venosa specimens to 0.917 g ind.−1 per day−1 in large predators. Regression equations were obtained between the length and mass of the mussels consumed (total mass, soft tissue mass and shell mass) and the shell height of the predator.

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Habitat suitability models of five keynote Bulgarian Black Sea fish species relative to specific abiotic and biotic factors

Zlateva Ivelina, Raykov Violin, Slabakova Violeta, Stefanova Elitsa S., Stefanova Kremena B.

Oceanologia

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2022

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No. 64 (4)

665--674

EN

Over the past few years, predicting species spatial distributions has been recognized as a powerful tool for studying biological invasions in conservation biology and planning, ecology, and evolutionary biology. Species spatial distribution models (SDMs) are used extensively for assessing the effects of changes in habitat suitability, the impacts of climate change, and the realignment of the existing conservation priorities. SDMs relate known patterns of species occurrences to a specific set of environmental conditions. Accordingly, we have used MaxEnt SDM tool in order to provide habitat suitability models of 5 keynote fish species: European sprat (Sprattus sprattus L.), red mullet (Mullus barbatus, L.), horse mackerel (Trachurus mediterraneus, L.), bluefish (Pomatomus saltatrix, L.) and whiting (Merlangius merlangus, L.), inhabiting the Bulgarian region of the Black Sea. Presence-only (PO) data collected by pelagic surveys performed between 2017 and 2019 was further utilized to link known species occurrence localities with selected abiotic factors, such as surface sea temperature and salinity, dissolved oxygen, and speed of currents. Biotic interactions were also considered for fitting the patterns of habitat suitability models. The SDMs, obtained from the present research study, prove to have satisfactory predictive accuracy to be further implemented for conservation measures and planning, stock management policy-making, or ecological forecasting.

7

Long-term analysis of air temperatures variability and trends on the Romanian Black Sea Coast

Bosneagu Romeo, Lupu Carmen Elena, Torica Emil, Lupu Sergiu, Vatu Nicolae, Tanase Viorel Mihai, Vasilache Camelia, Daneci-Patrau Daniel, Scurtu Ionut Cristian

Acta Geophysica

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2022

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Vol. 70, no 5

2179--2197

EN

Air temperature is one of the most important parameters that contribute to weather variability over time, being influenced by the flow of solar radiation, the general circulation of currents in the atmosphere relief. The present paper analyzes the minimum, maximum, and mean temperatures in Dobrogea, on the Romanian Black Sea coastal area, aiming to illustrate their evolution, which is a precondition for sustainable development in this region, from the perspective of regional and global climate changes. The weather stations included in this study are Constanta, Mangalia, Gura Portitei, Sfantu Gheorghe, and Sulina. The Pettit Test and the Standard Normal Homogeneity Test were used to determine changes in the evolution of the air temperature. For the period 1990–2020, the analysis of the change points, with a 95% confidence level, shows a particularly interesting situation supporting the general evolution of air temperature at global level. Nonparametric tests including linear regression, Mann–Kendall, and Sen's slope tests were used to analyze trends for monthly, seasonal, and annual series. Results showed an increasing trend in the annual minimum, maximum, and mean temperatures in all five weather stations.

8

Soft-bottom crustacean fauna from the Turkish coast of the Black and Marmara seas with new records

Mulayim Aysegul

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2021

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Vol. 50, No. 1

60--76

EN

It is becoming increasingly important to monitor zoobenthic biodiversity in seas that are under industrial and anthropogenic pollution pressure, such as the Black Sea and the Marmara Sea. This study covers crustacean species in the Turkish waters of the Black Sea and the Marmara Sea, both of which are closed systems. Sampling was carried out in July–August 2019 and yielded 32 crustacean species from the Black Sea and 77 species from the Marmara Sea. In the Marmara Sea, two species [Kupellonura mediterranea and Leucon (Macrauloleucon) siphonatus] represent new records for the Turkish waters, and 12 species [Cirolana cranchii, Cumella (Cumella) pygmaea, Cyathura carinata, Cymodoce truncata, Eurydice pulchra, Gammaropsis sophiae, Harpinia truncata, Iphinoe serrata, Iphinoe trispinosa, Liocarcinus pusillus, Nebalia strausi and Synchelidium maculatum] are new to the Marmara Sea. The following species: Gammaropsis palmata, Pontocrates arenarius, and Synchelidium haplocheles are new records for the Black Sea. The order Amphipoda dominated in both seas in terms of the number of species and the number of individuals.

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Determination of functional structure of soft-bottom marine macrobenthic communities of the Samsun Shelf Area using biological traits analysis

Van Ayşe, Gümüş Aysun

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2021

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Vol. 50, No. 4

473--487

EN

Biological Traits Analysis (BTA) was used to investigate the functional structure of marine macrobenthic communities along the Samsun Shelf Area (SSA). Benthic samples were collected seasonally from five different locations and at four different depths using a Van Veen grab sampler. Macrofaunal communities distributed in the SSA were assessed using 10 biological traits to identify characteristic traits for each depth and location. It was found that variability of benthic ecosystem functions in the SSA was driven by biological traits such as maximum size, living habit, sediment position, feeding mode and type of reproductive behavior. Bivalves, polychaetes and crustaceans of small to medium size, biodepositing, burying themselves in the sediment (burrowers) and feeding in suspension were relatively more abundant at depths of 0–60 m. However, the biomass of Amphiura, Abra, Papillicardium and some polychaetes characterized by medium to large sizes, diffusive mixing, free living and feeding on deposit and subsurface deposit showed higher values at depths below 60 m. In general, it is concluded that the functional structure of the benthic infauna in the SSA has adapted to physical disturbance, and communities distributed in this area consist mainly of taxa resistant to mechanical pressure.

10

An Introduction to Polish-Turkish Relations in the Context of European Security

Yurdatapan Arda

Kwartalnik Bellona

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2021

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Nr 4

39--52

EN

This article is an introduction to the analysis of a bilateral relationship between Poland and Turkey, with particular focus on its influence on Europe’s security. Since this relationship is not an isolated one, we have to take into consideration the main actors having a geopolitical interest in the region between the Baltics and the Black Sea as well as the Middle East and their potential to influence Polish-Turkish relations to their own benefit. It seems that a geopolitical relationship between Poland and Turkey has the potential to influence the relations of other actors in order to favor peaceful stabilization and increase security in the region. However, one has to take into account the reactions of current partners of both states, since the consequences of a strategic Polish-Turkish alliance would be manyfold for nations in closer as well as wider geopolitical context. Such political factors as geographical barriers, cultural and religious differences, conflicting interests of other regional players or unexpected socio-political developments might serve as disruptive tools against which both, Poland and Turkey, would have to counteract actively and systematically. The benefits of the Polish-Turkish alliance - not only for Poland and Turkey, but for the entire region - seem to significantly outweigh its potential disadvantages. The increased security in the region is a major stabilizing factor that paves the way for a long-term sustainable socio-economic progress in all Europe.

PL

Artykuł jest wstępem do analizy relacji bilateralnych między Polską a Turcją, zwłaszcza pod kątem ich wpływu na bezpieczeństwo Europy. Relacje te należy ujmować z uwzględnieniem także głównych aktorów geopolitycznie zainteresowanych regionem między Bałtykiem a Morzem Czarnym i Bliskim Wschodem oraz możliwości wpływania przez nich na stosunki polsko-tureckie w aspekcie własnych interesów. Jak się wydaje, stosunki geopolityczne między Polską a Turcją zaczynają sprzyjać pokojowej stabilizacji i zwiększeniu poziomu bezpieczeństwa w regionie. Należy brać pod uwagę jednak reakcje dotychczasowych partnerów obu państw, ponieważ konsekwencje strategicznego sojuszu polsko-tureckiego mogą dotyczyć zarówno narodów bliskiego sąsiedztwa, jak i szerszego kontekstu geopolitycznego. Takie czynniki polityczne jak bariery geograficzne, różnice kulturowe i religijne, sprzeczne interesy innych regionalnych graczy lub nieoczekiwane zmiany społeczno-polityczne mogą być wykorzystywane jako narzędzia destrukcyjne, którym i Polska, i Turcja musiałyby aktywnie i systematycznie przeciwdziałać. Korzyści z sojuszu polsko-tureckiego - nie tylko dla Polski i Turcji, lecz także dla całego regionu - wydają się przewyższać jego potencjalne wady. Zwiększony poziom bezpieczeństwa w regionie jest bowiem czynnikiem stabilizującym, sprzyjającym długoterminowemu zrównoważonemu postępowi społeczno-gospodarczemu całej Europy.

11

Application of electrical resistivity tomography for imaging seawater intrusion in a coastal aquifer

Niculescu Bogdan Mihai, Andrei Gina

Acta Geophysica

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2021

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Vol. 69, no. 2

613--630

EN

Following previous geoelectrical researches initiated in 2009 for the delineation and characterization of seawater intrusion in a freshwater aquifer of Sarmatian (late Middle Miocene) age, a subsurface imaging survey via 2-D electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) was conducted in 2019 on the outskirts of Vama Veche resort—Romanian Black Sea southern coast. The survey was organized in the framework of a feld camp sponsored by the Foundation of the Society of Exploration Geophysicists (SEG)–Tulsa, OK, USA, with participation of teams from the University of Bucharest—Department of Geophysics and the Geological Institute of Romania. A number of eight ERT profles with N–S, W–E, NNE–SSW, and WNW–ESE orientation and 155–315 m length were imaged with a SuperSting R8/IP instrument (Advanced Geosciences Inc.), using deployments of 32–64 electrodes at 5 m spacing, in Wenner, Schlumberger, and dipole–dipole array confgurations. The processing and interpretation of high-resolution ERT data indicated that the seawater intrusion, evidenced as very low resistivity (5–10 Ω m) anomalous zones starting at approximately 45–49 m depth, has advanced at least 500 m inland. The survey results also allowed the identifcation of a system of fractures or faults with an approximate NW–SE/WNW–ESE and, possibly, N–S orientation, that might have provided potential pathways for saline water intrusion.

12

Influence of the climatic variations in the wind waves parameters on the alongshore sediment transport

Divinsky Boris V., Kosyan Ruben D.

Oceanologia

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2020

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No. 62 (2)

190--199

EN

The purpose of this work was to analyze the influence of climatic variability of wind waves and swell parameters in the coastal zone on the sediment transport and to assess the contribution of the swell to the formation of alongshore fluxes. The object of research is the Anapa bay-bar (the Black Sea). Mathematical modeling has shown that in the Anapa bay-bar area the average annual wind waves and swell powers have significant interannual variability. For the period from 1979 to 2017, in the southern part of the bay-bar, there was a statistically significant decrease in the share of swell in the alongshore transport, directed from NW to SE, in the central part – an increase in the contribution of swell to the total sediment flow from SE to NW, in the northern part – probable increase in flows to NW and decrease – to SE. Such a dynamic is consistent, in general, with experimental observations of the processes of erosion and accumulation of beach-forming material along the Anapa bay-bar coastline. A separate description of the bottom sediment fluxes under the influence of wind waves and swell made it possible to explain the fluctuations of the coastline over a climatic period.

13

Imprints of atmospheric waves on the Black Sea surface in data of ocean color scanners

Evdoshenko Marina A.

Oceanologia

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2020

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No. 62 (3)

255--266

EN

Data from MERIS onboard Envisat and MODIS onboard Terra and Aqua for 15-16 May 2010 were used to study powerful imprints of atmospheric gravity waves (AGWs) on the western part the Black Sea surface. Two cold fronts crossed the sea following the warm front and caused the AGWs which modulated the sea surface. Imprints of AGWs appeared as stripes of alternating brightness, they had crest length more than a hundred kilometers and wavelength of units of kilometers. Wave amplitude of AGWs imprints, evaluated by a 90%-depth of light penetration into the sea at 490 nm z90, the value inverse to the diffuse attenuation coefficient Kd_490, was units of decimeterxs. MODIS 250-m data of remote sensing reflectance, wind components and atmospheric pressure near the sea surface were obtained by processing the top of atmosphere data with the SeaDAS software package. Negative correlations of fluctuations of z90 with fluctuations of wind stress and atmospheric pressure were found on the transects of more than ten kilometers. The impact of wind stress on the origination of AGW imprints was found to be determinant, while the impact of atmospheric pressure was not more than units of percent.

14

Extreme wind waves in the Black Sea

Divinsky Boris V., Fomin Vladimir V., Kosyan Ruben D., Ratner Yuri D.

Oceanologia

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2020

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No. 62 (1)

23--30

EN

Results of the analysis of a long-term data set, including fields of significant wave heights of the surface wave components, and mixed (total) wave field in the Black Sea are presented. The data set was collected on the basis of retrospective calculations using the MIKE 21 SW spectral wave model with the atmospheric forcing based on the ERA-Interim data in the period from 1979 to 2017. A criterion is used to isolate the swell waves from the initial wave data set that takes into account the wave age. We used the experimental data to develop a regression relationship showing that the maximum possible wave height can exceed the significant wave height approximately one and a half times. Analysis of the spatial distribution of wave heights in the Black Sea suggests that a possibility exists that significant wave height of storm waves can be as high as ∼12 m. This result indicates that the actual heights of maximum waves in the Black Sea can reach 18-19 m. Three regions are distinguished on the basis of the wave potential. The times of manifestation of extreme situations in these regions are different: in the southwestern part of the sea, extreme storm situations occur, as a rule, in December-January; in the region south of the Crimea Peninsula this happens in February; in the northeastern part of the sea they occur in November. It was also found that the south-southeastern and eastern parts of the sea are most affected by swell.

15

Element enrichment and provenance of the detrital component in Holocene sediments from the western Black Sea

Dekov Vesselin M., Darakchieva Valentina Y., Billström Kjell, Garbe-Schönberg C. Dieter, Kamenov George D., Gallinari Morgane, Dimitrov Lyubomir, Ragueneau Olivier, Kooijman Ellen

Oceanologia

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2020

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No. 62 (2)

139--163

EN

Concentrations of a large set of major and trace elements, and Sr, Nd and Pb isotope ratios were measured in Holocene sediments cored in the western deep Black Sea in order to unravel: (1) the controls of element enrichment, and (2) sources of the detrital component. The transition of the basin from oxic to euxinic resulted in enrichment or depletion in a number of elements in the deep-sea sediments. Authigenic Fe enrichment appears to depend on the amount of Fe mobilized from the sediment through the benthic redox shuttle mechanism and free H2S in the water column (degree of “euxinization”). Manganese enrichment is controlled by diagenetic reactions within the sediment: the dissolution of Mn minerals, Mn2+ diffusion upward and reprecipitation. Barium enrichment is also controlled by diagenetic reactions, sulfate reduction and methanogenesis, that take place above and below the sulfate-methane transition, respectively. The major part of V, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cr, Mo, Cd and Sb is inferred to have co-precipitated with Fe in the euxinic deep waters and to have been incorporated into authigenic Fe-sulfides. Basin reservoir effect additionally influences the Mo enrichment. The U enrichment is interpreted to have a different origin in the two organic-rich stratigraphic units (II and I). It is inferred to be: (i) at the expense of the U inventory of the deepwater pool and a result of inorganic reduction of U at euxinic conditions in the lower Unit II; and (ii) at the expense of the U inventory of the surface water pool and a result of biogenic uptake and transfer to the sediment by the plankton in the upper Unit I. The high field strength elements are closely linked to the detrital component and their depletion in the organic-rich sediments reflects a dilution of the detrital component by the biogenic one. The enrichments of REE, Sn and Th are likely controlled by adsorption on clay minerals. Sr-Nd-Pb isotope compositions of the alumino-silicate component of the studied sediments are relatively uniform. They are most likely controlled by riverine suspended matter supplied mainly in the NW Black Sea (Danube Delta) and transported southward by marine currents, and to a lesser degree by suspended matter from the small rivers draining SE Bulgaria and NW Turkey. Wind-blown dust from the Sahara Desert appears to have a minor contribution to the alumino-silicate component of the sediments. The slight shift in the Pb isotopes in Unit I upper layers is possibly caused by the addition of anthropogenic Pb.

16

Seasonal dynamics of catalase activity in Cystoseira crinita (Black Sea) and Fucus vesiculosus (Barents Sea)

Shakhmatova Olga, Ryzhik Inna

Ecological Chemistry and Engineering. S

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2020

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Vol. 27, nr 4

643--650

EN

The seasonal dynamics of catalase activity of two related species of brown macroalgae, Cystoseira crinita (Desf.) Bory (1832) and Fucus vesiculosus L. (1753) was studied. In general, catalase activity (CA) in C. crinita was several times higher than in F. vesiculosus. The maximum values of CA in C. crinita were observed in November and the minimum ones in September. For F. vesiculosus, the maximum CA was found in January and the minimum in April. Abrupt changes in water temperature significantly affected the catalase activity in C. crinita and F. vesiculosus. In both species of algae, a similar seasonal trend in the change of CA was noted: two periods of adaptation adjustment associated with sharp changes in the temperature regime (spring and autumn) were distinguished. In spring, with a rapid increase in the temperature of the water masses, catalase inactivation occurred, whereas during summer to winter transition, accompanied by a sharp water cooling, catalase activity increases. Stabilization of the CA values of the studied macroalgae in the absence of sharp temperature variability was observed. However, this period of "stationary state” varies in time: in Cystoseira crinita it lasts from May to August, and in Fucus vesiculosus it lasts from May to December.

17

Effect of phytoplankton adaptation on the distribution of its biomass and chlorophyll a concentration in the surface layer of the Black Sea

Stelmakh Liudmila, Gorbunova Tatiana

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2019

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Vol. 48, No. 4

404--414

EN

Using the field data collected in the Black Sea in September 2005–May 2013, the authors studied the spatial variability of the ratio of organic carbon to chlorophyll a (C:Chl a) in the sea surface layer (0–1 m). The C:Chl a ratio is an important parameter that reflects the phytoplankton adaptation to abiotic factors. Its maximum variations occurred in September–October 2005 and October 2010 when the highest spatial variability of average light intensity and nitrogen concentration was observed in the upper mixed layer. As a result, the maps of phytoplankton biomass differed from chlorophyll maps. In August 2011, no effect of light or nitrogen on the spatial variability of the C:Chl a ratio was found. Changes in the contribution of dinoflagellates to the total phytoplankton biomass affected the C:Chl a ratio variability, which was two times lower compared to September–October 2005 and October 2010. Also, the spatial distribution of phytoplankton biomass differed from the distribution of chlorophyll a concentration only in some areas of the sea. In May 2013, environmental factors slightly varied across the study area and the spatial variability of the C:Chl a ratio was insignificant. Therefore, the map of phytoplankton biomass indicated similarities with the chlorophyll map.

18

Chamelea gallina in the coastal waters of the Anapa bay bar (the Black Sea) as a carbonate sediment producer

Kosyan Alisa R., Divinsky Boris V.

Oceanologia

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2019

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No. 61 (4)

471--483

EN

The paper presents preliminary results of monitoring the population of the bivalve Chamelea gallina, which is the main source of biogenic carbonates for the Anapa bay bar beaches (the Black Sea). It is shown that by 2017, the biomass of the clams decreased more than twice compared to 2010, but began to increase in 2018. The average sizes of C. gallina are clearly divided in terms “year” - “section” - “age”. At the same time, interannual variations of the average size are very strong in all age groups. The average shell length of C. gallina significantly increased in 2018 compared to 2016, and especially - to 2017. This may be caused by the population decline of the predator Rapana venosa feeding on clams. Geographic differences in the shell length between sections are not directly related to the distribution of biogenic elements (nitrogen and phosphorus). The differences in longevity and shell size between C. gallina from the Anapa region and distant populations from the other parts of the distribution area are likely related to its significant negative correlation with the growth rate, which in turn negatively correlates with latitude.

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Impact of Natural Disasters on Water Resources in Georgia Caused by Global Warming

Kandelaki Nodar, Iordanishvili Irina, Ujma Adam, Iremashvili Inga, Iordanishvili Konstantin, Kupreishvili Shorena, Shurghaia Vladimer, Natroshvili Giorgi

Archives of Hydro-Engineering and Environmental Mechanics

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2019

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Vol. 66, nr 1-2

15--26

EN

Ecological and hydrological problems of water reservoirs on rivers of the Black Sea coast in the context of the increasing air temperature and emissions of greenhouse gases, the melting of glaciers, and the occurrence of floods and forest fires have been analysed in the given article. The article presents the results of field and theoretical studies of sedimentation processes in the large water reservoirs of Georgia focusing on their morphometric conditions during the warming period.

20

Using Vertical Electrical Soundings to characterize seawater intrusions in the southern area of Romanian Black Sea coastline

Mihai Niculescu Bogdan, Andrei Gina

Acta Geophysica

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2019

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Vol. 67, no. 6

1845--1863

EN

Seawater intrusions are a major environmental hazard for coastal freshwater aquifers. They are generated mainly by the uncontrolled exploitation of freshwater in pumping stations, if the aquifers are in hydraulic connection with the sea. In Romania, such marine intrusions have occurred in the southern part of Black Sea’s coastline, in Costinești and Vama Veche resorts, contaminating the main aquifers hosted in Sarmatian (late Middle Miocene) limestones, at distances ranging from hundreds of meters to over 2 km inland. For the study of these salinization phenomena, Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) surveys were performed in the affected areas. These surveys allowed the delineation and spatial–temporal monitoring of the intrusions and offered information related to faults that may have provided pathways for seawater migration toward the exploitation wells. The 1D interpretation of VES apparent resistivity data was performed via a set of novel software applications. The forward modeling component of the applications uses digital linear filtering and allows the simulation of theoretical VES responses for horizontally-layered geological media with virtually unlimited number of layers. The pseudo-inversion component of the applications is based on a random sampling of the parameters space of the geoelectrical models. The interpretation of VES surveys recorded in Vama Veche area by using the elaborated software indicates that the seawater intrusion occurs at more than 40 m depth. This agrees with a well flow test which produced saltwater at 40–60 m depth in that area.