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Foliar feeding of citric acid mitigates artificial urine and NaCl-induced saline stress in hydroponic sugar beets

Iqbal Muhammad Aamir, Tarikuzzaman Mohammad, Atique Muhammad Saad, Tulona Zannatul Ferdous, Lynam Joan G.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

2025

Vol. 26, nr 2

221--230

In lunar and deep-space farming, saline stress (SS) induced by human urine in hydroponically grown vegetables constitutes one of the prime concerns in its utilization for plant nutrition. Therefore, an indoor hydroponic trial was performed to assess the effectiveness of foliar feeding of citric acid (CA, 50 μM as two sprays at 26 days and 38 days after germination using a common hand-held sprayer) and the control treatment (a standardized plant nutrient with 10% synthetic urine replacement and 50 mM NaCl-induced SS) for sugar beets. The response variables included vegetative growth traits of sugar beets, such as the height of plants and stem girth along with lengths and fresh weights of leaves, roots, and whole plants. The recorded findings demonstrated that at the fourth week of germination, CA foliar feeding did not produce a statistically significant impact on the leaf width and plant height of sugar beets. However, CA produced 17%, 14%, and 35% taller plants at the six, eight, and ten weeks of germination, respectively. Likewise, the control treatment recorded 32% and 30% smaller leaf widths of sugar beets compared to the CA foliar feeding treatment at the 8 th and 10th weeks of germination, respectively. In addition, it was found that CA foliar feeding was effective in enhancing the stem length and root length by 16% and 38%, respectively compared to the control under SS. Moreover, CA foliar feeding enhanced stem diameter (26%) and root fresh weight (29%) compared to the control treatment. As far as leaf length and fresh weight along with whole plant fresh weight were concerned, foliar feeding of CA demonstrated its effectiveness by producing 32%, 21%, and 42% greater values, respectively compared to the control treatment. Therefore, CA foliar feeding could serve as a potent strategy to mitigate the deleterious effects of saline stress and boost the vegetative growth of hydroponically grown sugar beets.

Direct Contact Membrane Distillation of Artificial Urine for Sugar Beet Production in a Hydroponic System

Tarikuzzaman Mohammad, Iqbal Muhammad Aamir, Lynam Joan G.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

2024

Vol. 25, nr 10

252--260

Appropriate nutrient sources and optimized doses of plant nutrients for space and lunar farming have remained key challenges prompting investigations to sort out biologically viable options including human urine. Therefore, a trial was performed to compare the hydroponic growth of sugar beets using a standard nutrient solution and the same nutrient solution with a 10% replacement of an artificial urine solution that had been concentrated using direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD). The response variables included yield-contributing traits and root parameters (plant height, stem diameter, length and fresh weight of leaf and root, whole plant fresh weight), along with beet characteristics (diameter, length, and fresh weight at harvest). The results revealed that 10% synthetic urine treatment produced significantly taller plants (33%, 3%, and 8% at the 4th, 6th, and 10th week after sowing, respectively) and recorded 52% and 40% greater leaf width at the 4th and 6th weeks, respectively, compared to the control. In contrast, 10% replacement with synthetic urine in the nutrient performed statistically below par compared to the control treatment by producing 9% and 17% lower leaf width at the 8th and 10th weeks, respectively. Additionally, at the harvest, 10% synthetic urine treatment gave taller plants with greater stem length and root length (2.3%, 8.6%, and 59%, respectively) than the control. Moreover, the replacement treatment remained superior by showing higher root weight and stem diameter at harvest but performed below par compared to the control in leaf width and whole plant fresh weight. At harvest, both treatments remained statistically non-significant in terms of beet length, however the control surpassed synthetic urine treatment by yielding 37% and 103% higher width and fresh weight of beets, respectively. Based on recorded findings, it may be inferred that synthetic urine holds potential as a valuable plant nutrient source for producing sugar beets in an indoor hydroponic system, though not comparable in some respects with the control (standardized plant nutrient medium) for some plant measurements.