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Pandemic and post-pandemic state aid for the Land Transport sector (NACE 49) in Poland – identification of actual needs and impact of the instruments used

Białek Jacek, Tyc Tomasz Paweł

LogForum

2025

Vol. 21, no 1

73--85

Background: The Transportation and Storage sector (NACE H) is widely seen as the facilitator of economic development and activity within a country. Under normal circumstances, it serves as a much-needed platform enabling the flow of goods and services, and under external stress, its role becomes crucial. The pandemic negatively impacted the sector, especially the passenger transportation and land freight segments. The latter segment required state aid to regain momentum. Methods: We supplement the traditional approach of analyzing the impact of state aid on aggregated firm-level data with a computational exercise based on a conventional input-output table provided by Polish Statistics (GUS). This approach allows for a more complex analysis of the actual change in the relative competitiveness level of the Land Transport sector (NACE 49) versus its suppliers and business partners in Poland during the first post-pandemic years and the crisis that started in 2022. Results: The computational exercise clearly shows that Poland’s Land Transport (NACE 49) sector did need support on the macroeconomic level, as its competitive advantage relative to its business partners was entirely eroded from Q2 2020 to Q2 2023. Microeconomic analysis provides further evidence supporting intervention, as the liquidity indicators of state aid beneficiaries increased to a lesser extent than those of the sector as a whole. This provides additional evidence of the need for public intervention, especially in a still challenging external environment. Conclusions: While the aid level was adequate during the pandemic period and the first stages of the post-pandemic recovery, the Polish Land Transport (NACE 49) sector was subsequently hit by the fallout from the full-scale aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine. While targeted support has once again been provided to entities from the analyzed sector, the level of this support needs to be improved.