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EN
The presented results of investigations are part of a larger study focused on the optimization of the flow and mixing of liquid steel in the industrial tundish of continuous casting machine. The numerical simulations were carried out concern the analysis of hydrodynamic conditions of liquid steel flow in a tundish operating in one of the national steelworks. Numerical simulations were performed using the commercial code ANSYS Fluent. The research concerns two different speeds of steel casting. In real conditions, these speeds are the most commonly used in the technological process when casting two different groups of steel. As a result of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) calculations, predicted spatial distributions of velocity and liquid steel turbulence fields and residence time distribution (RTD) curves were obtained. The volume fractions of different flows occurring in the tundish were also calculated. The results of the research allowed a detailed analysis of the influence of casting speed on the formation of hydrodynamic conditions prevailing in the reactor.
PL
W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań dotyczących analizy materiału pozostałego po odzysku cynku z pyłów stalowniczych. Do badań użyto pyłów stalowniczych pochodzących z elektrostalowni. Średnia zawartość tlenku cynku zawartego w pyłach wynosiła 35% mas. Proces redukcji tlenku cynku przeprowadzono w laboratoryjnym piecu oporowym, w atmosferze argonu. Do redukcji wykorzystano koksik. Pozostały po redukcji materiał przetopiono w laboratoryjnym piecu indukcyjnym. W wyniku procesu otrzymano stop metaliczny, który poddano dalszej analizie chemicznej.
EN
The paper presents the results of research on the analysis of material remaining after the recovery of zinc from steelmaking dust. Steelmaking dust from the electric steelworks was used for the tests. The average content of zinc oxide contained in the dust was 35% wt. The reduction process of zinc oxide was carried out in a laboratory resistance furnace under argon. The coke breeze was used for the reduction. The material remaining after the reduction was melted in a laboratory induction furnace. As a result of the process, a metallic alloy was obtained, which was a subject of a further chemical analysis.
EN
The article presents the results of investigations performed on segregation of elements in the billets. The research were performed under standard industrial conditions, during high carbon steel production cycle. Probes (templates with the thickness of 20 mm) were taken from billets with square cross-section of 160 mm. Segregation of elements was determined based on the quantitative analysis of results performed by using spark spectrometry pursuant to PN-H-04045. Changes in concentrations of elements were analysed along two cross-sections. Element contents were performed at points distanced from each other by approx. 10 mm. The segregation of carbon, sulphur and phosphorus was determined for different billets.
EN
The development of the main sectors of the steelmaking industry is followed directly by the need to increase energy consumption for technological processes, which directly impact the amount of greenhouse gas emissions being emitted into the environment as carbon dioxide, which is a by-product in the combustion of fuels for energy generation purposes, being carried out in power plants supplying steelworks with electricity. Thus, it seems legitimate to search for new production technologies, which combine both, a high quality of steel products together with reduction of production costs, while increasing energy efficiency. A solution for this can be application of computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The article presents capability analysis to determine whether a selected steel-making process is capable of improving its efficiency by applying optimization-based technological parameter specifications with the use of computer software, working based on CFD methods, in the production cycle.
PL
Rozwój głównych gałęzi przemysłu hutniczego związany jest bezpośrednio ze zwiększeniem zapotrzebowania na energię ze strony prowadzonych procesów technologicznych, co ostatecznie skutkuje zwiększeniem ilości gazów cieplarnianych emitowanych do środowiska w postaci dwutlenku węgla - jako produktu spalania paliw energetycznych w elektrociepłowniach zaopatrujących huty w energię elektryczną. Słuszne zatem wydaje się poszukiwanie nowych technologii produkcji łączących zarówno wysoką jakość produkowanego wyrobu stalowniczego wraz z obniżeniem kosztów, przy jednoczesnym zwiększeniu efektywności energetycznej. Przykładem może być zastosowanie metod numerycznej mechaniki płynów (ang. Computational Fluid Dynamics, CFD). Artykuł przedstawia analizę możliwości poprawy efektywności wybranego procesu stalowniczego poprzez zastosowanie w cyklu produkcyjnym wytycznych wynikających z optymalizacji parametrów technologicznych, z wykorzystaniem oprogramowania komputerowego pracującego w oparciu o metody CFD.
PL
W pracy zaproponowano metodykę określania ilości wtrąceń niemetalicznych w stali na różnych etapach jej produkcji. Analiza zaprezentowana w artykule jest kontynuacją badań przeprowadzonych na gatunkach stali o zwiększonej plastyczności do odkształcania na zimno. Materiał do analizy pobierano podczas normalnego cyklu produkcyjnego z trzech żył urządzenia COS. Wszystkie pobrane wycinki wlewków poddano analizie metalograficznej. Na każdym wycinku dokonano kilkunastu pomiarów w celu określenia ilości i kształtu wtrąceń niemetalicznych. Przeprowadzone badania pozwoliły określić ilość i wielkość wtrąceń niemetalicznych w stali dla analizowanych wlewków ciągłych, przed poddaniem ich przeróbce plastycznej.
EN
In the presented paper the authors propose a methodology for determining the control of non-metallic inclusions amount in steel, at various stages of its production process. The analysis presented in the article is a continuation of research performed on the steel grades of increased plasticity for cold deformation. The material for analysis was collected during the normal production cycle, from three billets casted through different molds. All samples were subject to metallographic analysis. For each section of the strand, several measurements were made to determine the amount and shape of non-metallic inclusions. The study helped to determine the number and size of non-metallic inclusions in steel billets, before farther plastic deformation.
EN
This article presents research results concerning designation of the scope of segregation of elements by analysing the ingot, designated for hot rolling of long products. The research tests were performed under industrial conditions, during continuous casting production cycle of high carbon steels. From cc ingots with square cross-section of 160 mm samples having the length of 400 mm were collected, out of which two samples were cut up, the so-called templates with the thickness of 20 mm. Segregation of elements was determined based on the quantitative analysis of results performed by using spark spectrometry pursuant to PN-H-04045. Changes in concentrations of elements were analysed along the line, which join the opposite sides of the sample in their half length and pass through the geometric centre of the square cross-section. In the further course of the research study, there was also determined the segregation along perpendicular line up to the surface connecting the core of the cross-section with lateral plane. Designations of element contents were performed at points distanced from each other by approx. 10 mm and situated on the lines. There was found segregation of carbon, sulphur and phosphorus.
EN
Presented paper describes model investigations carried out on six-strand continuous casting tundish. Numerical analysis is based on simulations performed with the use of commercial code ANSYS Fluent. The analysis concerns determination of hydrodynamic conditions of the flow in the analysed tundish, with nominal capacity of 22 Mg, and its optimisation by modification of the flow structure in the tundish working area. Four different flow control devices (FCD) were proposed. Results of investigations presented in the paper include the distribution of velocity vectors and distribution of temperature and turbulence kinetic energy. Additionally, for more detailed comparative analysis, the macroscopic characteristics of residence time distribution (RTD) in the reactor, and the transition zone ranges were determined for each of the variants.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono badania poświęcone pomiarom emisyjności kadzi stalowniczych. Uzyskano dane dotyczące temperatur w wybranych punktach powierzchni płaszcza analizowanych kadzi, pochodzących z pomiaru stykowego. Dla każdej kadzi zarejestrowano termogramy. Wykazano, że wartość badanego parametru zależy istotnie od stopnia pokrycia kadzi zanieczyszczeniami. Ustalono, że emisyjność powierzchni zewnętrznych badanych kadzi stalowniczych mieści się w zakresie od 0,75 do 0,92.
EN
The article presents research performed to obtain the emission coefficient of the investigated steel ladles. The measurements were perfomed for selected points in the mantle surface of the analyzed ladle with the direct contact measurement. Thermal images were recorded for different ladles. It has been shown that the value of the examined parameter significantly depends on the degree of coverage of the ladle impurities. It was found that the emissivity of the outer surfaces of the tested steel ladles are in the range from 0.75 to 0.92.
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