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EN
The paper demonstrates the use of frequency reassignment for bearing estimation. For this task, signals derived from a linear equispaced passive array are used. The presented method makes use of Fourier transformation based spatial spectrum estimation. It is further developed through the application of two-dimensional reassignment, which leads to obtaining highly concentrated energy distributions in the joint frequency-angle domain and sharp graphical imaging. The introduced method can be used for analysing, a priori, unknown signals of broadband, nonstationary, and/or multicomponent type. For such signals, the direction of arrival is obtained based upon the marginal energy distribution in the angle domain, through searching for arguments of its maxima. In the paper, bearing estimation of three popular types of sonar pulses, including linear and hyperbolic frequency modulated pulses, as well as no frequency modulation at all, is considered. The results of numerical experiments performed in the presence of additive white Gaussian noise are presented and compared to conventional digital sum-delay beamforming performed in the time domain. The root-mean-square error and the peak-to-average power ratio, also known as the crest factor, are introduced in order to estimate, respectively, the accuracy of the methods and the sharpness of the obtained energy distributions in the angle domain.
EN
The article presents a method for improving the accuracy of bearing in multibeam sonar with a cylindrical array. The antenna’s non-linearshape and the resulting non-uniform sampling of the signal in space, mean that known methods of high-resolution spectral analysis cannot be used. In order to apply an algorithm from this group, a linear virtual antenna must be produced. The paper presents a technique of mapping a cylindrical array to the equivalent linear form. The simulation results present the accuracy of bearing estimation in the presence of white noise. Furthermore, the limitations of the method and practical aspects of the application in a real sonar system are discussed.
EN
In this paper a novel method of the bearing estimation in a passive sonar system with a towed array is introduced. The classical approach of the bearing estimation based on the spatial spectrum is extended by using the synchrosqeezing method that is a part of the reassignment method introduced by Kodera et al. The usage of this method leads to the precise bearing estimation. The proposed method requires a relatively small amount of computation, because of possibility of using the FFT algorithm. Moreover, method immunity against AWGN is tested for a selected sonar array having regard to the direction of arrival and the signal frequency.
EN
The articles presents a method for improving the accuracy of bearing in multibeam sonar with a cylindrical array. Based on a known spatial spectrum estimation technique, the method has been successfully used in linear array systems. Its accuracy of bearing is satisfactory and ensures a relatively low computational effort. The article discusses certain simplifications and assumptions to adapt the spatial spectrum estimation technique in linear arrays to the needs of cylindrical arrays. Simulation results are compared to those achieved in the monopulse method.
5
Content available Acoustic processor of the MCM sonar
EN
This paper presents the concept of an acoustic processor of the mine countermeasure sonar. Developed at the Department of Marine Electronics Systems, Gdańsk University of Technology, the acoustic processor is an element of the MG-89, a modernised underwater acoustic station. The focus of the article is on the modules of the processor. They are responsible for sampling analogue signals and implementing the algorithms controlling the measurement cycle and digital signal processing. As it performs the above funetions, the device should be highly reliable and resistant to mechanical and weather conditions and ensure a user friendly operation. The functions of the processor software should help with object detection and classification. In addition to these properties, the acoustic processor should operate in real time. The results of measurements should be displayed with the shortest possible delay in relation to sounding signals to allow the operator to take decisions ąuickly and establish if the object poses a risk.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono koncepcję procesora akustycznego sonaru MCM (ang. Mine Countermeasure Sonar), opracowaną i zrealizowaną w Katedrze Systemów Elektroniki Morskiej Politechniki Gdańskiej. Opisany procesor akustyczny jest elementem zmodernizowanej stacji hydrolokacyjnej MG-89. Zwrócono szczególną uwagę na moduły procesora, które odpowiadają za proces próbkowania sygnałów analogowych oraz realizują algorytmy sterowania cyklem pomiarowym i cyfrowego przetwarzania sygnałów. Urządzenie to przy wykonywaniu wyżej wymienionych funkcji powinno cechować się dużą niezawodnością oraz odpornością na narażenia mechaniczne i klimatyczne, a z punktu widzenia operatora - łatwością obsługi. Oprogramowanie procesora powinno zawierać funkcje ułatwiające detekcję i klasyfikację wykrytych obiektów. Poza wymienionymi właściwościami procesor akustyczny powinien również być systemem czasu rzeczywistego. Wyniki pomiarów powinny pojawiać się na zobrazowaniu z możliwie najmniejszym opóźnieniem, w stosunku do sygnałów sondujących, tak aby operator systemu mógł, w jak najkrótszym czasie, podjąć decyzję, czy wykryty obiekt jest niebezpieczny.
6
Content available Acoustic processor of the mine countermeasures sonar
EN
This paper presents the concept of an acoustic processor of the mine countermeasure sonar. Developed at the Department of Marine Electronics Systems, Gdansk University of Technology, the acoustic processor is an element of the MG-89, an underwater acoustic station. The focus of the article is on the modules of the processor. They are responsible for sampling analogue signals and implementing the algorithms controlling the measurement cycle and digital signal processing. As it performs the above functions, the device should be highly reliable and resistant to mechanical and weather conditions and ensure a user friendly operation. The functions of the processor software should help with object detection and classification. The results of measurements should be displayed with the shortest possible delay in relation to sounding signals to allow the operator to take decisions quickly and establish if the object poses a risk. The article demonstrates that the acoustic processor designed for and used by the Navy meets these requirements.
7
EN
The paper presents a simple method for improving multibeam sonar bearing accuracy. The principle proposed here is similar to the monopulse method, a solution commonly used in radars and sonars. With no manual or automatic beam rotation, the method offers a substantial reduction in the demand for sonar computational effort. It significantly reduces bearing error for a relatively high signal to noise ratio. The paper gives a boundary value of the output signal to noise ratio which when exceeded satisfactorily improves bearing accuracy.
EN
An important task of fishing gear designers is to develop effective selective fishing gears by optimizing its geometry. The high accuracy hydroacoustic system for codend geometry measurements was designed for developing the construction of cod codend for the Baltic fishery. The system consists of 10 pairs of hydrophones, measuring microprocessor device and notebook computer. The high frequency short pulse excitation combined with the matched digital filtering make it possible to obtain high resolution of measure data. Additionally the thermistors mounted in the hydrophones are used to calculate the local sound velocity and enable precision calibration of obtained measuring data. The construction solutions, the measuring procedure and examples of obtained data are presented below.
PL
Zwiększenie dokładności określenia namiaru celu można uzyskać w sonarach stosując metodę monopulsową. W konwencjonalnych sonarach polega ona na wyrównywaniu sygnałów w dwóch sąsiednich wiązkach poprzez obrót anteny. W cyfrowych sonarach wielowiązkowych obrót anteny można zastąpić obliczeniami, które przedstawiono w referacie. Opracowaną metodę poprawy dokładności namiaru pokazano na przykładzie szerokopasmowego sonaru wielowiązkowego z anteną liniową. Wyznaczono błędy namiaru spowodowane szumami morza. Zaproponowano sposób zmniejszenia błędu systematycznego pojawiającego się przy małych stosunkach sygnału do szumu.
EN
In order to increase bearing accuracy in passive sonars the monopulse techniques can be used. In conventional systems the monopulse concept is realized by equalizing the signal amplitudes in two adjacent beams by appropriate rotation of the sonar array. In digital multibeam sonars the array rotation can be replaced by special numerical procedure presented in the paper. The proposed method was implemented for the linear array. The bearing errors originated from ambient sea noise were estimated. In addition, the bias reduction procedure was proposed for the case of law signal-to-noise ratio.
PL
Zastosowanie metod hodowli wgłębnej i hodowli w podłożach stałych grzybów strzępkowych z gatunku Aspergillus niger pozwoliło na wykorzystanie produktów ubocznych powstających w produkcji cukru białego do biosyntezy kwasu cytrynowego. Ilość otrzymanego produktu przy zastosowaniu melasy buraczanej wyniosła 110 g/dm, a wysłodków buraczanych 173 g/kg. Dodatek melasy do wysłodków w ilości 20% pozwolił na dalszy wzrost ilości uzyskanego kwasu do 204 g/kg.
EN
Using two methods of fermentation: submerged and solid state for cultivation of Aspergillus niger allowed utilizing byproducts originated in white sugar production for citric acid biosynthesis. The amount of product obtained from beet molasses and sugar beet pulp amounted to 110 g/dm3, and 173 g/kg respectively. Enrichment of sugar beet pulp with 20% of molasses increased citric acid concentration up to 204 g/kg.
EN
The article presents the principle of operation of the beamformer of sonar with a cylin-drical array. It demonstrates that a modified beamformer can be used for beam electronic stabilization. The paper presents the algorithm of a digital beamformer used to ensure that the beam’s axis is maintained in a horizontal plane when the ship’s pitch and roll are known. Finally, the article gives an overview of the technical problems of electronic beam deflection.
EN
A short characteristic of the equipment used for measurement of the oxygen and carbon dioxide concentration in exhaust gases and a few indications for their correct assembling and use are presented. The equations necessary for the calculation of parameters characterizing microorganisms respiratory activity are also given.
PL
Podjęto próbę skorelowania ilości wydzielanego dwutlenku węgla w procesie biosyntezy kwasu cytrynowego z ilością tworzącej się biomasy grzybni Aspergillus niger. Stwierdzono, że zarówno tlenowy współczynnik utrzymania aktywności (mo) jak i wydajność biomasy (Yx/o) nie są w trakcie procesu wartościami stałymi. Charakterystyczne kształtowanie się tych parametrów daje jednak podstawę do symulacji wzrostu grzybni w oparciu o jej aktywność oddechową.
EN
On the basis of experiments carried out on synthetic media with sucrose, the correlation between carbon dioxide production rate and biomass formation in biosynthesis of citric acid was tried to find out. It was found, that both maintenance coefficient (mo) and oxygen yield coefficient (Yx/o) seem not to be constant during citric acid biosynthesis. Nevertheless the course of their values allows to simulation of growth processes based on respiratory activity of the mycelium.
PL
Przedstawiono opis budowy laboratoryjnego bioreaktora bębnowego BIOSOL służącego do badania tlenowych i beztlenowych hodowli drobnoustrojów na podłożach stałych z okresowym lub ciągłym mieszaniem. Podstawowym zespołem bioreaktora jest obracający się w pozycji horyzontalnej bęben zbudowany z rury szklanej zamkniętej płaskimi pokrywami wykonanymi ze stali kwasoodpornej. Bioreaktor zamontowano na specjalnej podstawie i wyposażono w układy pomiarowe i regulacyjne umożliwiające kontrolę podstawowych parametrów prowadzonego w nim bioprocesu.
EN
Construction of a new lab rotating drum bioreactor BIOSOL is demonstrated. It is used in the lab scale studies on fermentation and cultivation of aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms carried out on moist solid substrates.
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