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2 Journal of Ecological Engineering

2 2024

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Melatonin Dose-Mediated Increment in Growth, Floral Production, Essential Oils Yield and Composition in Marigold

Yousif Muhammad, Ahmad Tanveer, Alasasfa Muawya A., Al Zoubi Omar Mahmoud, Saeed Tahir, Ahmad Iftikhar, Iqbal Muhammad A.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

2024

Vol. 25, nr 12

157--169

Globally, African marigold (MG) derived essential oils (EOs) have attained an immense economic pertinence in the flavor, fragrance, food, medicinal, and floricultural industries, which necessitate boosting its production on a commercial scale. Therefore, we aimed to assess varying levels (0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 mg L-1) of exogenously applied melatonin (MT) as a growth hormone to trigger growth, flower yield, and EOs of MG. The MT was applied as a foliar spray after thirty days of transplantation of MG plants and repeated thrice at fifteen-day intervals. The results depicted that exogenous MT (150 mg L-1) recorded the maximum plant height and leaves number along with fresh and dry weights of leaves and roots. The same treatment exhibited 66%, 64%, and 18% higher flower fresh and dry weights and flower yield respectively, than the control. Additionally, MT remained effective in reducing days taken to bud emergence and flowering, while flower retention duration increased by 11 days. Following the trend of vegetative growth traits, foliar-applied MT (150 mg L-1) remained unmatched in terms of physiological attributes (transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, chlorophyll a, and b contents) of MG. Moreover, for EOs extracted from fresh and dry flowers and leaves, this treatment remained effective by producing 77%, 73%, 53%, and 85% higher content, respectively than the control. Finally, the chemical profiling analyses detected eighty-seven chemical constituents (Caryophyllene oxide was the most dominant compound, and cis-Z-alpha-Bisabolene epoxide followed it) in MG flowers. In terms of the retention time of different chemical compounds in MG flowers, Calarene epoxide had the highest retention time of 19.75 minutes among major compounds. Based on these results, 150 mg L-1 dose of MT may be recommended to growers for boosting MG growth, floral yield and EOs content sustainably.

Defoliation of Autumn Planted Maize Hybrids for Sustainable Intensification of Maize-Soybean Intercropping System

Khan Haroon Zaman, Alasasfa Muawya A., Iqbal Asif, Naeem Anjum, Iqbal Muhammad A.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

2024

Vol. 25, nr 9

34--43

In maize-soybean intercropping systems (ICS), the morphophysiological growth traits and grain yield of component crops (CC), especially of soybean suffer greatly, owing to the dominance of maize in acquiring growth resources and shading effect. Thus, a field trial was conducted entailing maize hybrids (H1=YH-1898 and H2=YH-5427) and defoliation treatments (R1=removal of top two leaves, R2=removal of top four leaves, R3=removal of top six leaves, and R4=no removal of leaves) for boosting soybean (cv. AARI-soybean) growth and yield in maize-soybean ICS. The response variables included plant height (PH), 1000 grains weight, grain yield (GY), and biological yield (BY) along with the physiological growth traits (leaf area index LAI, leaf area duration LAD, crop growth rate CGR, and net assimilation rate NAR) of CC. The H1 hybrid of maize outperformed the other hybrid by recording 8% and 9% higher PH and BY, respectively, while the H2 hybrid depicted 18% and 6% greater 1000 grain weight and GY, respectively, along with NAR. Additionally, R1 H2 exhibited the maximum LAI, LAD, and CGR at 30, 60, 90, and 110 days after sowing (DAS). Contrastingly, soybean recorded 11% higher PH in intercropping with the H1 hybrid under R4 defoliation treatment along with significantly higher 1000 grains weight (13%), GY (57%), BY (10%), and NAR (157%). Moreover, soybean exhibited the maximum physiological growth in response to the R4 H1 treatment combination. On the basis of the recorded findings, the H2 R1 treatment combination could be recommended for boosting maize yield, whereas H1 R4 or H1 R3 could be adopted to bolster the growth and productivity of soybean intercrop, but at the cost of a significant reduction in maize yield.