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Thermal maturity of the Lower Paleozoic source rocks in the Pomeranian Basin based on reflectance of vitrinite-like particles and molecular/isotopegas composition

Makos M., Muchewicz M., Mikołajewski Z., Socha K.

Prace Naukowe Instytutu Nafty i Gazu

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2016

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nr 209 wyd. konferencyjne

543--546

EN

Thermal maturity of the Lower Paleozoic potential source rocks in the Pomeranian Basin, northern Poland has been analysed based on organic matter reflectance (vitrinite--like particles), Rock-Eval pyrolysis and stable carbon isotope and composition of natural gas. Reflectance of the vitrinite-like particles indicates slightly higher thermal maturity compared to the Tmax and carbon isotope record. Therefore, correlation between measured reflectance and vitrinite reflectance equivalent was established. The analysed data set evidences the relation expressed by the equation: VR = 0.71Rvitr-like + 0.19. This is highly concordant to the other results from the Baltic region.

PL

Dojrzałość termiczna dolnopaleozoicznych skał macierzystych basenu pomorskiego w północnej Polsce została określona na podstawie badania refleksyjności materii organicznej (cząstki witrynitopodobne), pirolizy Rock-Eval oraz stabilnych izotopów węgla oraz składu gazu. Refleksyjność materii witrynitopodobnej wskazuje na wyższą dojrzałość termiczną w porównaniu z wartościami Tmax oraz wynikami analiz izotopowych. Dlatego został wyznaczony stosunek pomiędzy refleksyjnością materii witrynitopodobnej a refleksyjnością witrynitu, który może zostać opisany równaniem: VR = 0,71Rvitr-like + 0,19. Jest to wysoce spójne z rezultatami innych analiz geochemicznych w rejonie bałtyckim.

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Quaternary stratigraphy and palaeogeography of Poland

Marks L., Dzierżek J., Janiszewski R., Kaczorowski J., Lindner L., Majecka A., Makos M., Szymanek M., Tołoczko-Pasek A., Woronko B.

Acta Geologica Polonica

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2016

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Vol. 66, no. 3

403--427

EN

Though the stratigraphical and palaeogeographical framework of the Quaternary in Poland is still to be completed, several crucial points have been confirmed recently. The preglacial series, accepted for years as belonging to the Lower Pleistocene, is undoubtedly of Early Pliocene age, with a huge hiatus above almost until the uppermost Lower Pleistocene. The earliest glaciation in Poland (Nidanian) occurred at about 900 ka BP when the ice sheet reached the mid-southern part of the country. The following Podlasian Interglacial embraced the Brunhes/Matuyama boundary in the middle, in a similar fashion to the corresponding Cromerian Complex in Western Europe. The late Early and early Middle Pleistocene interglacials in Poland comprised 2-3 optima each, whereas every one of the younger interglacials was characterised by a single optimum only. The Late Vistulian ice sheet was most extensive in the western part of Poland (Leszno Phase) whereas the younger Poznań Phase was more extensive in the central and eastern part of the country. This was due to the varied distance from the glaciation center in Scandinavia, making the ice sheet margin reach a terminal position in different times. Palaeoclimatological research in the Tatra Mountains has provided new evidence for the atmospheric circulation over Europe. During cold phases of the Pleistocene in Poland a continental climate extended further westwards, quite the opposite that occurring during warmer intervals.

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Last Glacial Maximum climatic conditions in the Polish part of the High Tatra Mountains (Western Carpathians)

Makos M., Nitychoruk J.

Geological Quarterly

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2011

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Vol. 55, No. 3

253-268

EN

Palaeoclimatic conditions in the Polish part of the High Tatra Mountains during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) were reconstructed based on the former glacial topography with the use of two independent glacier-climate models. The extent of the palaeoglaciers was determined using the glacial-geomorphological record of terminal and lateral moraines as well as trimlines. Two north-faced prominent glaciers were reconstructed (Sucha Woda/Pańszczyca and Biała Woda) with their surface areas as 15.2 and 40.3 km2, respectively. The equilibrium line altitudes (ELA) of these glaciers were determined at the level of 1460 and 1480 m a.s.l. Modelled palaeoclimatic parameters show a mean summer temperature of about 0.3°C and mean annual precipitation of around 580 mm at the equilibrium line altitude of the former glaciers. This means that the summer temperature was lower by 10°C and precipitation was lower by about 60% in relation to the modern conditions. The mean annual temperature was lower by at least 12°C. On the basis of palaeoclimatic data the modern snowline altitude was established at the level of 2450-2550 m a.s.l. This indicates an ELA depression of 1000-1100 metres. Reconstructed climatic parameters at the ELA and ablation gradients indicate that both glaciers were similar to the modern glaciers in Canadian Arctic. Such climatic conditions in Central Europe indicate a cold and dry climate characteristic of the subarctic zone.

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Zasięg i geometria powierzchni lodowca Białej Wody podczas maksimum ostatniego zlodowacenia w Tatrach Wysokich-odpowiedź na krytyczne uwagi

Makos M., Nowacki Ł.

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2009

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Vol. 57, nr 7

614-618

EN

This paper is an answer to the polemical article Critical remarks on reconstruction of surface geometry of glaciers in the Polish High Tatra Mts. by Jerzy Zasadni in current issue of Przegląd Geologiczny. The criticism concerns our paper on reconstruction of surface geometry of the last glacial maximum (LGM) glaciers in the Polish High Tatra Mts. (drainage basins of Roztoka and Rybi Potok), published in Przegląd Geologiczny vol. 57, no 1, 2009. The main objections of our opponent concern on our reconstruction of equilibrium line altitude (ELA), ice surface geometry and paleoclimatic interpretations.We present a new reconstruction of ice surface geometry within the drainage basin of BiałaWoda during the last glacial maximum (LGM), including the part of a glacier previously omitted. The model of the glacier was made on the basis of detailed field mapping of glacial trimlines and analysis of digital elevation model (DEM) of the BiałaWoda Valley. The glacier surface area was found to be 37,61 km2. We found ELA value for AAR = 0,67 to be consistent with previously calculated average ELA value of 1430 m a.s.l. for AAR = 0.4, 0.45 and 0.5. In turn, some uncertainties concerning ice surface geometry in ablation area may be best explained as due to inaccuracy of geomorphological data, whereas the well-established ice surface elevation within accumulation area does not show any theoretical errors.We also show that glaciological parameters (t values along the glacier profile), questioned by our opponent, are consistent with glaciological conformities.We want to admit that paleoclimatic interpretations of paleocirculation presented in the ,previous paper was rather untimely.

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Rekonstrukcja geometrii powierzchni lodowców z maksimum ostatniego zlodowacenia (LGM) w polskich Tatrach Wysokich (zlewnie Roztoki i Rybiego Potoku)

Makos M., Nowacki Ł.

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2009

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Vol. 57, nr 1

72-79

EN

A reconstruction of the last glacial maximum (LGM) ice surface geometry in the Polish High Tatra Mts. (drainage basins of Roztoka and Rybi Potok) is based on detailed field mapping of glacial trimlines. Obtained field data provide evidence of the ice surface elevation within the ice accumulation areas and in some cases they indicate direction of ice flow. The LGM ice-surface geometry is presented as a digital elevation model (DEM) which was created using geographic information system (GIS). Calculations of ice thickness and ice volume are based on DEM of present land topography. Reconstruction of the ice extent within ablation area is created using archival data. During LGM, the Roztoka glacier and the Rybi Potok glacier were a typical valley glaciers included into a huge glacial system being a dendritic glacier. According to acumulation area ratio (AAR) method, equilibrium line of these glaciers was situated at an elevation of about 1400 m a.s.l. It shows that nearly the whole area of the drainage basins of Roztoka and Rybi Potok have been an ice accumulation area supplying the Biała Woda glacier during LGM. Equilibrium line altitude (ELA) depression in relation to modern ELA (2300 m a.s.l.) was about 900 m. Assuming temeperature lapse rate of 0,6oC/100 m, a mean summer temperature in the Tatra Mts. was lowered of about 5,5oC. Ice area and its volume calculated for accumulation areas indicate that their relations to one another are nearly identical. It can be evidence for similar precipitation in both the Roztoka and the Rybi Potok drainage basins and an indicator of atmospheric circulation pattern which have determined climate in the Tatra Mts. during LGM.