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PL
Zbadano wpływ warunków preparatyki katalizatorów Pd/SiO2 otrzymanych metodą zol-żel na ich aktywność i selektywność w procesie redukcji aldehydu krotonowego. Do analizy powierzchni katalizatora użyto spektrometru TOF– SIMS, co umożliwiło wizualizację powierzchni, określenie składu chemicznego oraz segregację warstw powierzchniowych katalizatora w zależności od temperatury kalcynacji i redukcji, i w konsekwencji dobranie optymalnych warunków preparatyki.
EN
Catalyst activity and selectivity were tested in the redn. (100°C/2 hrs.) of crotonaldehyde satd. vapors in 0.03 l. H2/ min in relation to the 5%Pd/SiO2 prepn. history, esp. to calcination at 300, 500, or 700°C in Ar and at 300 or 500°C in H2 just before the reaction. The 500 and 300°C, resp., resulted in Pd distributed uniformly on the SiO2 surface, a factor crit. for catalyst’s high activity. TOF-SIMS found CH3+, CH3O+, C2H5, and SiCH3+ on the catalyst surface, but calcination at 500 or 700°C removed most of the org. fragments. The H2-treatment at 500–700°C, resulted in Pd clusters nonuniformly distributed (TOF–SIMS) on the surface and in a less active catalyst.
2
Content available remote Phosphogypsum as a Pigment for Paper Coating
EN
Phosphogypsum is a good carrier for joint deposition of modifying kaolin pigment for paper coatings. The test shows that hydrated gypsum grades which are waste products in phosphorous acid plants are suitable for paper coatings, giving glossy and matte surfaces for both web offset and rotogravure printing. The neutralisation of the raw phosphogypsum and grains size dimensions equalisation one-step procedures were developed. The printing properties of the paper coated with the combined gypsum-kaolinite colour were described and compared with the typical offset paper coatings, based on the kaolinite pigment.
PL
Badano wpływ nośników na ilość i właściwości depozytu węglowego powstającego na katalizatorach kobaltowych w reakcji krakingu propanu. Pomiary wykonano przy użyciu metod temperaturowo programowanych, do badań ilościowych wykorzystano automatyczny analizator węgla. Stwierdzono, że ilość depozytu węglowego osadzającego się w reakcji krakingu rośnie w następującym szeregu: Co/ZrO2 < Co/Al2O3 < Co/SiO2.
EN
The influence of supports on the amount and properties of carbon deposit arising on cobalt catalysts in propane cracking reaction was investigated. The measurements were performed using temperature programmmed methods and total carbon analyser. The quantity of carbon deposit arising in cracking reaction increases in the following order: Co/ZrO2 < Co/Al2O3 < Co/SiO2.
EN
Supported noble metal catalysts are used in a large number of commercially important processes, including hydrogenation and dehydrogenation, naphtha reforming and automotive exhaust catalysis. It is a well-known fact that support influences the catalytic activity and the selectivity of the supported metal particles. The most striking effect is the so-called strong metal - support interaction (SMSI) in which a metal / support catalyst is reduced at a high temperature (773 K) and the metal loses, at least partially, its chemisorptive properties with respect to H2 and CO. This effect was first discovered by Tauster at al. on titania and then extended to other reducible supports. Several explanations have been given to account for the loss of chemisorptive and catalytic properties: the occurrence of an electronic effect with an electron transfer between the support and the metal particles, the formation of intermetallic compounds, and the decoration of the metal by support mobile species . Another model describing the metal - support interaction and based on theoretical calculations suggests that the electron density in small metal particles is shifted toward nearby cations of the support. Recently a new model has been proposed, in which the decrease in the activity of metal clusters can be ascribed to a decrease in the ionization potential of the metal particles which is directly induced by the Coulomb potential of the support .
6
Content available remote Depozyty węglowe na katalizatorach i metody ich badania
EN
The reaction of organic compounds on solid catalysts can be accompanied by the formation of heavy by-products which can form a carbonaceous deposit on the surface and cause deactivation. Coke is an intractable, poorly defined material, changing in nature and composition with almost all possible reaction variables. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) can be used to present coke directly, while electron loss spectroscopy (EELS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) can provide analytical and structural information. X-ray diffraction method (XRD)as well as 129XeNMR are the technique which can provide information about the location of the coke. Coke produces a decrease in catalytic activity by two mechanisms: active site suppression or pore blocking. The loss of sorption capacity of coked catalysts can help us to find out which deactivation mode has occurred. The technique of temperature programmed oxidation (TPO) with either evolved gas or gravimetric analysis (TGA) is often employed to investigate coke deposition on catalysts. Details of the proximity of coke to metal and nonmetal sites or the nature of coke are then inferred from the position of peaks in the resultant TPO profiles. The shape of these profiles can be affected by coke particle size and morphology. In recent years, 13C NMR in conjunction with proton cross-polarization (CP) and magic-angle spinning (MAS) has emerged as a powerful tool for studying the nature of coke formed during hydrocarbon conversion over catalysts. ]. IR spectroscopy has also been used to obtain information about the nature of the species present in the coke deposited on different zeolites as well as on other catalysts. The selective removal and transformation of carbonaceous compounds during reactivation were examined by means of IR combined with GC, TGA and NMR spectroscopy.
8
PL
Na podstawie danych literaturowych omówione zostały najistotniejsze czynniki, wraz z efektami ich oddziaływania, mające wpływ na odkładanie się depozytów węglowych na katalizatorach metalicznych. Opisane zostały również metody charakteryzowania depozytów węglowych oraz jego wpływ na aktywność i selektywność katalizatora
EN
On the basis of literature data, the most important factors together with possible effects of their influence playing the role in building up of carbon deposit on catalysts have been reported. There have also been described methods of characterising carbon deposit and the influence of carbon deposit on catalysts activity and selectivity.
PL
Podano wyniki badania składu chemicznego i fazowego, kwasowości, rozpuszczalności, rozkładu ziaren oraz białości odpadowego fosfogipsu poapatytowego. Wykazano, że w wyniku mielenia korzystnie poprawia się charakterystyka granulometryczna fosfogipsu. Wykonano i zbadano arkusiki próbne papieru drukowego wypełnionego fosfogipsem. Stwierdzono poprawę białości i wytrzymałości mechanicznej papieru drukowego z zawartością do 15% modyfikowanego wypełnienia fosfogipsowego.
EN
Chemical and phase composition as well as acidity, solubility, grain size distribution and whitness of refused post - apatite phosphogypsum have been given. The test were carried out on the effect of high pressure grinding of waste phosphogypsum on the change in properties that are important for the process of paper filling in acid environment. It was found that the paper containing up 15% phosphogypsum filler showed improved brightness and higher breaking length.
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