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PL
W artykule opisano propozycję zastosowania trójgeneracji w budynku sanatorium „Rolnik" w Nałęczowie. Ze względu na uwarunkowania prawne zaproponowano dwa warianty trójgeneracji, które w pierwszej kolejności mają pokryć całkowite zapotrzebowanie budynku na energię elektryczną. Analiza ekonomiczna pokazuje, że takie rozwiązanie będzie w perspektywie 10-letniej opłacalne jedynie przy wsparciu systemowym (np. żółtych certyfikatów).
EN
The article presents a proposition of application of tri-generation system in sanatorium building „Rolnik” in Nałęczów. Considering the legislation aspects two solutions of the system have been taken into account. In both of them main goal is foulfill the electric energy demand for the building. Economic evaluation shows that the payback period meets the 10 years requirement only if financial support is provided.
PL
Artykuł powstał na podstawie raportu „Zużycie mediów w domach studenckich Politechniki Warszawskiej w latach 2014–2016” opracowanego przez Studenckie Koło Naukowe Energetyki Niekonwencjonalnej działające przy wydziale MEiL Politechniki Warszawskiej. W raporcie zestawiono oraz przeanalizowano zużycie energii elektrycznej, wody, ciepła i gazu. Dla lepszego zobrazowania skali problemu zużycie to zostało odniesione do liczby mieszkańców i powierzchni użytkowej oraz porównane z dostępnymi średnimi krajowymi i europejskimi oraz odpowiednimi normami. W artykule przedstawiono również łączne koszty związane ze zużyciem mediów. Aby pokazać wpływ na środowisko, wyliczono również zużycie energii pierwotnej oraz emisję dwutlenku węgla. Na podstawie raportu do dalszej analizy wybrane zostały domy studenckie, w których zużycie poszczególnych mediów zdecydowanie przekracza średnią.
EN
The following article is based on the report „Consumption of utilities in dormitories of Warsaw University of Technology in 2014–2016” developed by Students Association for Unconventional Energy of Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Power and Aeronautical Engineering. The report consists of a comparison and an analysis of consumption of electricity, water, heat and natural gas in dormitories of Warsaw University of Technology from 2014 to 2016. To credibly present the scale of a problem, consumption data in relation with population and useful floor area of each dormitory is compared to publicly available Polish and European averages. Costs of each utility and an accumulative cost of building use are shown as well. Included calculations of primary energy and carbon dioxide emissions show an impact on the environment. On the grounds of this report, dormitories which consumption is strikingly above average will be chosen for further analysis.
EN
Integrated tectonic interpretation of seismic data and core samples from boreholes in the vicinity of the Kock Fault Zone (KFZ) allowed us to identify several tectonic deformation events that were responsible for creating its complex structure. The KFZ is an example of a mechanically weak regional-scale tectonic structure that accumulated deformation over hundreds of millions of years and therefore is a good indicator of stress regime changes in a broader area. The KFZ is here regarded as a combination and superposition of two genetically and temporally different faults: the older Kock Fault, which is an inverted normal fault, and the younger, low-angle Kock Thrust. The first, Silurian stage of KFZ evolution occurred in a tensional stress regime that gave rise to the activation of a deeply rooted normal-slip precursor to the Kock Fault. Subsequently, this fault underwent inversion during the Late Famennian compressive/transpressive event. In the Early Carboniferous, the tectonic stress regime changed into tension/transtension, leading to extrusion of basalt magma and abundant mineralisation in the vicinity of the inverted Kock Fault, followed by tectonically relaxed sedimentation of Carboniferous strata. The deposition was terminated by a compressional event at the end of the Westphalian. Contraction resulted in the formation of the low-angle Kock Thrust decoupled in Silurian shale that cut across the upper part of the Kock Fault and displaced it towards the NE, over the East European Craton foreland.
EN
The nuclear power plant site was determined following the formal analysis of the Polish economy and energy supply, with respect to societal reality. Beforehand, comprehensive studies were carried out covering essential geological factors and terrain circumstances. Every country undertakes sovereign decisions regarding nuclear power plants, based on legitimate regulations. In practice, guidance regarding general requirements, technical solutions and safety measures are derivative from experiences in other countries published by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission. The paper presents interrelations between the international guidelines and the Polish legal instructions.
EN
Properties of carbon dioxide are favourable for its storage in shale both in sorption within organic matter or free within the pore space and open fractures as supercritical fluid.Well fitted are partially depleted shale gas reservoirs, bearing a dense network of tectonic and hydraulically induced fractures, which is necessary for both gas drainage and injection of large volume of CO2. A previous analysis indicated that storage of significant amounts of CO2 in productive shale complexes in the USA is technologically possible, but requires very intense gas exploitation in a vast area of several states. CO2 injection in partially depleted shale gas reservoirs can contribute to the growth of gas production by approx. 5–10%. Given the current state of research and the most recent estimates of shale gas resources in Poland, one may recognoze that the storage of CO2 with stimulation of gas production is not a viable alternative to sequestration in saline aquifers in Poland. Interdisciplinary research, with Polish-Norwegian collaboration within the ShaleSeq Project, undertakes complex problems of physical and chemical interaction of CO2 with gas-bearing shales of Pomerania. In spite of the fate of CO2 storage in shales all over the world, the findings of this Project might also be relevant for conventional storage in reservoirs which are usual sealed with shale cap rock.
EN
The paper concerns investigation of the credibility of tectonic interpretation of GNSS strain rates. The analysis was focused on stable regions, where the crustal deformations are small and the reliability of GNSS velocities is questionable. We are showing how the unreliable motion of stations affects calculated strains around them. We expressed distribution of local principal strains by a sinusoidal function and used them to investigate the significance of strain distortion. Then we used this method to investigate real motions of GNSS stations. As a test object we used Polish GNSS stations belonging to the ASG-EUPOS network. Station velocities were estimated on the basis of the 4.5 years of observations. The results let us identify stations that disturb the obtained local GNSS strain rate field. After verification and exclusion of some stations, the new GNSS strains show a much greater internal compatibility and also better fit to the directions of lithosphere stresses.
PL
[...]prezentacja zaawansowania i metod konstrukcji oraz ocena efektywnooeci (stopieñ wykorzystania i koszty) wytworzenia cyfrowych modeli budowy geologicznej. Przyczyniło się to do głębszego, praktycznego wglądu w tę dziedzinę działań europejskich służb geologicznych na etapie, kiedy w Polsce jesteśmy jeszcze przed zasadniczymi decyzjami dotyczącymi inwestycji w rozwój takich modeli w skali kraju. Po dwóch latach od tego spotkania zainicjowane zostały istotne działania w celu realizacji programu cyfryzacji budowy geologicznej Polski. Rozwój cyfrowej kartografii wgłębnej, sformułowany w strategii Głębokich Badań Geologicznych na lata 2008–2015, ogłoszonej przez Ministerstwo Środowiska (Jarosiński & Warias, 2008) przewiduje, że „Poziom rozwoju technologii komputerowej oraz rynek odbiorców, uzasadnia konieczność rozwinięcia tych działań modeli cyfrowych] na dużą skalę.[...]
EN
The paper dealswith thematter of underground, geological storage of carbon dioxide in Poland. The state of research, legal and especially public acceptance of this issue is presented. Possibile conflicts of interest as well as phenomena related to the underground storage of carbon dioxide and their possibile impact to environment and local populace living conditions are discussed. Disinformation circulating in the media and local communities is exposed.
10
Content available Cenozoic dynamic evolution of the Polish Platform
EN
The Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the Polish Platform reflects repeated changes in loading conditions at the Alpine–Carpathian and Arctic–North Atlantic margins of the European continent. After the Late Creta ceous–Paleocene main phase of the Mid-Polish Basinin - version, a second phase of limited uplift of the Mid-Polish Swell occurred during the Middle–Late Eocene. End Eocene and Early Oligocene subsidence of narrow grabens on the Fore-Sudetic Monocline was coeval with normal faulting in the East Alpine foredeep basin and the development of the Central European rift system. At the same time the Outer Carpathian flysch basins were rearranged, presumably in response to the build-up of compressional stresses at crustal levels, whilst subsidence and erosion patterns changed in the Carpathian Foreland from being dominated by the NW–SE trending Mid-Polish Swell to being controlled by the development of the W–E trending Meta-Carpathian Swell. At the end of the Oligocene the Fore-Sudetic graben system propagated into the area of the Trans-European Suture Zone and the Sudetes and remained active during the Early and Middle Miocene. This was paralleled by intensified subduction activity and thrusting of the Carpathians and the development of their flexural foredeep basin. A short early Sarmatian episode of basement in volving transpression along the SW margin of the Mid-Polish Swell correlates with the termination of north-directed nappe transport in the Outer Carpathians. This was followed by eastward migration of the subsidence centre of the Carpathian Foredeep Basin and the gradual termination of tectonic activity in the grabens of the Polish Lowlands. After a period of post-orogenic relaxation the present-day compressional stress regime built up during the Pliocene and Quaternary. Intensified ridge push forces exerted on the Arctic–North Atlantic passive margins contribute to this compressional stress field that is dominated by collision-related stresses reflecting continued indentation of the Adriatic Block. This sequence of events is interpreted in terms of changing tectonic loads in the Carpathians, Alps and at the NW passive margin of Europe. The complex and diachronous interaction of mechanically coupled and uncoupled plates along collision zones probably underlies the temporally varying response of the Carpathian Foreland that in addition was complicated by the heterogeneous structure of its lithosphere. Progressively increasing ridge push on the passive margin played a secondary role in the stress differentiation of the study area.
12
EN
Neotectonic studies in Poland concern mainly manifestations of those tectonic movements that have been active in Late Neogene and Quaternary times, as well as geodetically measured recent vertical and horizontal crustal motions. Among problems of particular interest, the following should be listed: periodicity of neotectonic (mostly Quaternary) activity, estimation of the parametres of the neotectonic stress field, amplitudes and rates of Quaternary and recent movements, development of neotectonic troughs and young faults, mutual relationships among photolineaments, geological structures and recent seismicity, as well as the role of tectonic reactivation of fault zones due to human activity. Neotectonic faults in Poland have developed in Neogene and Quaternary times due to reactivation of Laramian or older structures, or in the Quaternary due to reactivation of Neogene faults. The size of throw of Quaternary faults changes from 40-50 m and >100 m in the Sudetes and the Lublin Upland, to several - several tens of metres in the Carpathians. The average rate of faulting during Quaternary times has been 0.02 to 0.05 mm/yr, what enables one to include these structures into the domains of inactive or low-activity faults. A similar conclusion can be drawn from the results of repeated precise levellings and GPS campaigns. Strike-slip displacements have been postulated for some of these faults. Isolated faults in Central Poland have shown middle Quaternary thrusting of the order of 40-50 m, and some of the Outer Carpathian overthrusts tend to reveal young Quaternary activity, as indicated, i.a., by concentrations of fractured pebbles within the thrust zones. Episodes of increased intensity of faulting took place in the early Quaternary, in the Mazovian (Holsteinian) Interglacial, and during or shortly after the Odranian (Drenthe) glacial stage. Some of the faults have also been active in Holocene times. Recent seismic activity is often related to strike-slip faults, which in the Carpathians trend ENE-WSW and NE-SW, whereas outside the Carpathians they are oriented parallel to the margin of the East-European Platform and the Sudetic Marginal Fault. Future investigations should put more emphasis on palaeoseismotectonic phenomena and practical application of neotectonic research.
EN
The main goal of the project is the complex analysis of recent geokinematics and geomechanics of the Earth crust in the territory of Poland. The analysis will be performed using the archive data as well as the new data acquired duiring the realisation of the project. Combined analysis of GNNS data obtained from the epoch obsenations at the stations of PSG (Polish Geodynamic Network) and stress measured in the drilling holes will be conducted. The new thermomechanic 2D geodynamic model will be determined using the finite element method.
EN
Petrological studies of core samples, integrated with mesostructural analysis of cores, and coupled with results of seismic data interpretation allowed to interpret evolving reservoir properties of dolostones of the Frasnian Werbkowice Mb. These crystalline and partly vuggy rocks form main reservoir horizons of the Ciecierzyn and Mełgiew A gas fields in the central Lublin Graben. The optimum reservoir properties were attained following the main phase of regional dolomitization and accompanying CaCO3 dissolution. These processes occurred after renewed subsidence in Viséan and before main phase of the Variscan inversion in late Westphalian. In Late Silesian, after the onset of hydrocarbon generation, porosity was partly filled by a dolomite cement. The most important agent of porosity destruction, however, was a precipitation of anhydrite cement preceding main phase of compressional deformations. The latter led to a localized development of open fracture systems which, however, were soon filled with various cements related to dissolution-reprecipitation processes. After compressional event, the stress regime evolved towards strike-slip and extensional, which created fractures allowing migration of hydrocarbons to newly formed structural traps. Several observed structures indicate negligible post- inversion deformations, thus facilitating preservation of earlier formed hydrocarbon accumulations. However, successive stages of secondary migration could have occurred during indefinite time under strike-slip and extensional regime recorded as a distinct set of mesostructures.
15
Content available Uwagi o neotektonice Polski: wybrane przykłady
PL
Badania neotektoniczne w Polsce koncentrują się głównie na przejawach aktywności tektonicznej w późnym neogenie i czwartorzędzie, a także mierzonych geodezyjnie współczesnych ruchach pionowych i poziomych. Do zagadnień budzących największe zainteresowanie należą: periodyczność ruchów neotektonicznych (plioceńsko-czwartorzędowych), oszacowanie parametrów neotektonicznego pola naprężeń, amplituda i tempo ruchów czwartorzędowych i współczesnych, rozwój młodych uskoków, wzajemne zależności między rozmieszczeniem aktywnych uskoków, foto- i topolineamentów a współczesną sejsmicznością, a także rola człowieka w reaktywacji stref uskokowych. Rozmiary zrzutu czwartorzędowych uskoków normalnych zmieniały się od 40-50 m i >100 m w Sudetach i na Wyżynie Lubelskiej do kilku - kilkudziesięciu metrów w Karpatach. Średnie tempo uskokowania w czwartorzędzie wyniosło 0,02-0,05 mm/rok, pozwalając zaliczyć analizowane uskoki do nieaktywnych, względnie o słabej aktywności. Do podobnych wniosków skłaniają wyniki powtarzanych kampanii pomiarowych GPS. Niektóre młode uskoki wykazywały przemieszczenia przesuwcze, a pojedyncze uskoki w Polsce środkowej miały charakter czwartorzędowych nasunięć, o amplitudzie rzędu 40-50 m. Na uaktywnienie niektórych nasunięć zewnętrznokarpackich wskazują koncentracje stanowisk zawierających spękane klasty w plejstoceńskich i holoceńskich seriach rzecznych. Epizody wzmożonej aktywności uskokowania miały miejsce we wczesnym czwartorzędzie, w interglacjale mazowieckim oraz w trakcie lub wkrótce po zakończeniu zlodowacenia odry. Niektóre z uskoków przejawiały ponadto aktywność w holocenie. Współczesna aktywność sejsmiczna wiąże się z uskokami przesuwczymi EN-WSW i NE-SW w Karpatach, a poza Karpatami - ze strefami uskokowymi układającymi się równolegle do sudeckiego uskoku brzeżnego i strefy Teisseyre'a-Tornquista. Pomiary współczesnych naprężeń metodą analizy struktur breakouts oraz szczelinowania hydraulicznego wskazują na ruch Karpat ku NE i NNE. Nacisk ten jest przenoszony na odległość kilkuset kilometrów w obręb platformy wschodnioeuropejskiej, a jego akomodacja prowadzi do systematycznego ugięcia trajektorii naprężeń od NNE-SSW w południowej części kraju do NNW-SSE na obszarze bałtyckim, gdzie nacisk Karpat jest kompensowany przez nacisk grzbietu śródatlantyckiego. W strefie transeuropejskiego szwu tektonicznego (TESZ) częste rotacje osi maksymalnej kompresji od N-S do NW-SE na różnych głębokościach otworów wiertniczych oraz pomiędzy wierceniami zdają się wskazywać na przesuwczą akomodację nacisku generowanego przez Karpaty. Wyniki testów szczelinowania hydraulicznego sugerują przewagę reżimu przesuwczego w Polsce południowo-wschodniej, natomiast w części zachodniej dominuje reżim ekstensyjny z niewielkim udziałem składowej przesuwczej.
EN
Neotectonic studies in Poland concern mainly manifestations of those tectonic movements that have been active in Late Neogene and Quaternary times, as well as geodetically measured recent vertical and horizontal crustal motions. Among problems of particular interest, the following should be listed: periodicity of neotectonic (mostly Quaternary) activity, estimation of the parametres of the neotectonic stress field, amplitudes and rates of Quaternary and recent movements, development of neotectonic troughs and young faults, mutual relationships among photolineaments, geological structures and recent seismicity, as well as the role of tectonic reactivation of fault zones due to human activity. Neotectonic faults in Poland have developed in Neogene and Quaternary times due to reactivation of Laramide or older structures, or in the Quaternary due to reactivation of Neogene faults. The size of throw of Quaternary faults changes from 40-50 m and >100 m in the Sudetes and the Lublin Upland, to several - several tens of inetres in the Carpathians. The average rate of faulting during Quaternary times has been 0.02 to 0.05 mm/yr, what enables one to include these structures into the domains of inactive or low-activity faults. A similar conclusion can be drawn from the results of repeated precise levellings and GPS campaigns. Strike-slip displacements have been postulated for some of these faults. Isolated faults in Central Poland have shown middle Quaternary thrusting of the order of 40-50 m, and some of the Outer Carpathian overthrusts tend to reveal young Quaternary activity, as indicated, among others, by concentrations of fractured pebbles within the thrust zones. Episodes of increased intensity of faulting took place in the early Quaternary, in the Mazovian (Holsteinian) Interglacial, and during or shortly after the Odranian (Drenthe) glacial stage. Some of the faults have also been active in Holocene times. Recent seismic activity is often related to strike-slip faults, which in the Carpathians trend ENE-WSW and NE-SW, whereas outside the Carpathians they are oriented parallel to the margin of the East-European Platform and the Sudetic Marginal Fault. Recent stress measurements indicate that the Carpathians are being exposed to tectonic push from the hinterland, which generates NNE-oriented compression in the eastern part of the Outer Carpathian fold-and-thrust belt. This push is transmitted farther to the north along the marginal part of the East-European Platform. Successive accommodation of this push is evidenced by systematic distortion of tectonic compression from NNE-SSW in the southern segment to NNW-SSE in the Baltic portion of the East-European Platform, where the Carpathian push is balanced with the North Atlantic ridge push. Within the Trans-European Suture Zone, frequent stress rotations between N-S and NW-SE in vertical borehole sections and among boreholes suggest a discrete strike-slip accommodation of the Carpathian push. Dominance of strike-slip fault stress regime was constrained by hydraulic fracturing tests in boreholes located in SE Poland, while in western Poland extensional stress regime with some amount of strike-slip component prevails.
16
PL
Nowe dane geologiczne i geofizyczne o dewońsko-karbońskim basenie lubelskim pozwalają na modyfikację jego ram tektonicznych, a także próbę rekonstrukcji rozwoju i inwersji w kontekście szerszych tektonicznych uwarunkowań przedpola waryscyjskiego w Europie środkowej i wschodniej. Rozwój basenu lubelskiego był uwarunkowany od dewonu środkowego, a zwłaszcza od środkowego franu, systemem dyslokacji podłużnych o kierunku w przybliżeniu NW-SE. Główną rolę odgrywał wśród nich uskok Nowe Miasto-Radom, odpowiadający granicy basenu z blokiem łysogórsko-radomskim. Był on uwarunkowany istnieniem walnej nieciągłości skorupowej - strefy Teisseyre'a-Tornquista (TTZ). Do wczesnego namuru A przeważał reżim ekstensyjny ściśle związany z ewolucją platformy wschodnioeuropejskiej, a w szczególności systemu ryftowego Prypeć-Dniepr-Doniec. Po namurze A rów lubelski ulegał subsydencji związanej prawdopodobnie z ruchami przesuwczymi wzdłuż TTZ, a jego ewolucja tektoniczna była zsynchronizowana z rozwojem pozostałej części przedpola waryscyjskiego w południowej i centralnej Polsce. U schyłku westfalu rów lubelski uległ wraz z cały przedpolem waryscyjskim inwersji tektonicznej w reżimie uskoków nasuwczych. Oś kompresji rotowała prawoskrętnie od kierunku NNE-SSW do ENE-WSW.
EN
New geological and geophysical data on the Devonian-Carboniferous Lublin Basin allow reinterpretation of its regional structural framework. They also provide a basis for the reconstruction of the basin development and inversion against broader tectonic context of the Variscan foreland in the Western and Central Europe. Beginning from the Middle Devonian, and particularly since the mid-Frasnian, the Lublin Basin development had been controlled by a system of longitudinal dislocations striking approximately NW-SE. The most important was the Nowe Miasto-Radom Fault Zone corresponding to the SW basin boundary with the Łysogóry-Radom Block. It was controlled by the local segment of the major crustal discontinuity - the Teisseyre-Tornquist Zone (TTZ). In the Lublin Basin the extensional regime prevailed until the early Namurian. It was closely related to the evolution of the East European Platform, in particular to the development of the Pripyat-Dniepr-Donets rift system. After Namurian A the basin subsidence was probably controlled by strike-slip movements along the TTZ, whereas stages of its evolution were synchronous with a development of remaining part of the Polish Variscan foreland. By the end Westphalian the Lublin Basin underwent structural inversion in the thrust-fault stress regime. Axis of compression underwent clockwise rotation from the initial NNE-SSW towards the final ENE-WSW causing sinistral transpression along longitudinal faults.
EN
Adigital two – dimensional elastic model was built to investigate the recent tectonic forces and stresses in Central Europe. Stresses and deformations were calculated using finite element method. The structure of model includes geologically defined features: 32 tectonic blocks, 16 fault zones and 12 boundary segments. The loads were implemented in two ways: as the external boundary forces and the correction due to differences in gravitational potential energy. The calculated stress directions and regimes were satisfactorily matched to the complex stress pattern in Central Europe provided by the World Stress Map Database. Modelling permits evaluation of tectonic forces acting in the collision zone between Africa and Arabia on one side, and Europe on the other side. Also the Mid-Atlantic Ridge push differentiation on the NWEuropean passive margin was determined. For the centre of modeled area the magnitudes of tectonic stresses averaged over the changeable lithospheric thickness were computed. Obtained values of friction coefficients for the fault zones located in the southern part of Europe are significantly lower than those obtained for the northern Europe. The maximum acceptable stiffness contrast across the model reaches one order of magnitude.
PL
Modelowanie reologii litosfery przeprowadzono wzdłuż 5 przekrojów sejsmicznych projektu POLONAISE’97 oraz wzdłuż przekrojów TTZ i LT-7. Modele termiczne litosfery wskazują na skokowy wzrost intensywności produkcji ciepła radiogenicznego pomiędzy blokami tektonicznymi przylegającymi do kratonu wschodnioeuropejskiego (EEC), a pozostałymi fragmentami skorupy, należącymi do szeroko pojętej strefy TESZ. Na tej podstawie wyznaczono hipotetyczną granicę pomiędzy blokami o proweniencji baltickiej i gondwańskiej. Modele litologiczne poszczególnych warstw litosfery zbudowano na podstawie rozkładów prędkości podłużnej fali sejsmicznej (Vp). Parametry funkcji potęgowej pełźnięcia mikrodyslokacyjnego dla każdej warstwy obliczono poprzez uśrednienie parametrów dla jej składników litologicznych. Skonstruowano alternatywne modele reologiczne dla trzech wariantów tempa deformacji i trzech reżimów tektonicznych. W rezultacie otrzymano charakterystykę mechaniczną litosfery w postaci rozwarstwienia krucho-podatnego, ze wskazaniem poziomów możliwego mechanicznego odkłucia. Oszacowano również całkowitą wytrzymałość litosfery oraz przedstawiono rozkład wytrzymałości pomiędzy skorupą a płaszczem. Przedyskutowano niektóre aspekty spójności modelu reologicznego z koncepcjami tektonicznymi badanego obszaru.
EN
A complex crustal structure and significant lateral changes in the surface heat flow make the TESZ an interesting object for a study of the rheological differentiation of the lithosphere. Two-step, 1D thermal and mechanical modelling were performed for the POLONAISE'97, TTZ and LT-7 deep seismic sections. The results of thermal modelling indicate that the heat production in the EEC-type of the crust is significantly less than in the rest of the crust within the TESZ. The difference in a radiogenic heat production points to a hypothetical limit of the Gondvana-derived terranes and the Baltica-type of crust. Based on the seismic velocity structure, petrological models for discriminated lithospheric layers were built. Parameters of the "power law" creep function for each layer were calculated by averaging of adequate parameters for its petrological constituents. Rheological modelling for a scope of the most probable strain rates and tectonic regimes lead, to identification of a brittle/ductile stratification of the lithosphere and location of potentially mechanical decoupling levels. Also an integrated strength of the lithosphere was estimated with differentiation between the crustal and mantle strength. The consistency of rheological models was compared with the concept of tectonic evolution of research area, than some alternative solutions of rheological models were discussed.
PL
Profile sejsmiczne eksperymentu POLONAISE’97 dokumentują budowę wgłębną strefy szwu transeuropejskiego (TESZ), który stanowi szeroką strefę akrecji terranów na pograniczu proterozoicznej litosfery kratonu wschodnioeuropejskiego oraz młodszej, paleozoicznej litosfery zachodniej Europy. Uzyskane rezultaty sondowań sejsmicznych, w połączeniu z danymi pól potencjalnych i modelami termicznymi, pozwalają na wydzielenie 5 typów litosfery: (1) typ LEEC — litosfera kratonu wschodnioeuropejskiego, (2) typ LTTZ — bloki litosfery przylegające bezpośrednio do kratonu wschodnioeuropejskiego i sięgające po południowo-zachodnią granicę wału śródpolskiego, (3) typ LTES — skorupa szwu transeuropejskiego pomiędzy LTTZ a strefą tektoniczną Dolska, (4) typ LPP — fragment litosfery pomiędzy strefą Dolska a uskokiem środkowej Odry, (5) typ LVP występujący na południe od strefy uskokowej środkowej Odry. Dwa pierwsze typy litosfery (LEEC i LTTZ) są genetycznie związane z Baltiką. Litosfera typu LTES i LPP stanowi osobny blok podłoża, który wywodzi się z Awalonii lub ze spokrewnionego z nią terranu przyłączonego do brzegu Baltiki we wczesnym paleozoiku. Jej struktura sejsmiczna jest prawdopodobnie wypadkową szeregu hipotetycznych czynników, takich jak m.in. wczesnopaleozoiczne podklejanie dolnej skorupy przez magmy wytapiane z subdukowanej płyty oceanu Tornquista, kolizja kaledońska czy wieloetapowe przemieszczenia przesuwcze. Litosfera LPP została również przebudowana w efekcie głęboko zakorzenionej tektoniki waryscyjskiej. Litosfera typu LVP należy do orogenu waryscyjskiego i stanowi fragment Armoryki. Granice pomiędzy blokami litosfery najwyższej rangi, takimi jak Baltika, Awalonia i Armoryka, zaznaczają się subtelnie w obrazie sejsmicznym. Większe kontrasty w strukturze sejsmicznej mogą występować w obrębie jednorodnych genetycznie fragmentów litosfery, rozczłonkowanych przez główne strefy dyslokacyjne.
EN
Seismic profiles of the POLONAISE'97 experiment provide evidence for the deep basement structure of the TESZ area representing a broad and complex zone of terrane accretion which separates the old Proterozoic lithosphere of the East European Craton (EEC) from the younger Palaeozoic lithosphere of western Europe. The obtained results combined with potential field data allows the differentiation of 5 varieties of lithosphere: (1) LEEC variety -a lithosphere of the East European Craton, (2) L TTZ variety -lithospheric blocks adjacent to the EEC and extending to the south-western margin of the Mid-Polish Swell belonging to the Teisseyre-Tornquist Zone (TTZ), (3) LTES variety - a lithosphere of the Trans European Suture Zone (TESZ) between the L TTZ and the Dolsk Fault Zone, (4) LPP variety- a segment of the lithosphere be-tween the Dolsk Fault Zone and the Middle Odra Fault Zone, (5) L VP variety occurring to the south-west of the Middle Odra Fault Zone belonging to the typical Variscan platform. The two types LEEC and LTTZ are genetically linked to Baltica, while LTES and LPP represent a lithosphere of Avalonia. A lithosphere of the Palaeozoic Platform (LTES), embraced between the Variscan orogen and the EEC, represents a separate basement błock derived from Avalonia or an Avalonia-related terrane accreted to the Baltica margin during the Early Palaeozoic. The three-layer seismic structure of a crust in that area is probably produced by a number of superimposed effects like under platting by magmas melted off from a subducted plate of the Tornquist ocean. The results of the POLONAISE'97 experiment verify the role of the Dolsk Fault Zone as the northeastern boundary of the area affected by a thick-skinned Variscan tectonics. The Variscan-related modification of a seismic structure has its effect not only on a lithosphere of the Bohemian Massif, usually correlated with the Arrnorica terrane assemblage, but also on a fragment of the Palaeozoic platform of southwestern Poland located between the Dolsk Fault Zone and Middle Odra Fault Zone.
EN
The paper summarizes up-to-date knowledge of the contemporary tectonic stress field in Poland and compares the results of geophysical measurements with mathematical models. The extensive set of data provided by borehole breakout analyses is supplemented by hydraulic fracturing tests, earthquake focal mechanism solutions and preliminary resolution of regional intraplate motions from GPS measurements. Frequent breakout presence shows that tectonically driven anisotropy of horizontal stress is a common feature in the study area. Roughly N-S direction of maximum horizontal stress (SHmaxx) in Eastern Poland differs significantly from Western European stress domain. This difference is produced by tectonic push of Alcapa, which is successively compensated within the Teisseyre-Tornquist Zone (TTZ) and in the Upper Silesian segment of the Outer Carpathians. In the western part of Poland stress directions are ambiguous due to interplay of several additional tectonic factors. Most of hydraulic fracturing data and earthquake focal mechanism solutions indicate strike-slip stress regime in Eastern Poland where stresses are in equilibrium with preferentially oriented faults of Iow friction (0.16). Limited data from Western Poland suggest normal fault stress regime. Good conformity between directions of 5Hm", and intraplate motions occurs from comparison of breakout and GPS data. Finite element modelling shows that the most important factor shaping the stress field in Eastern and Central Poland is the Adria push transmitted through the Pannonian region. Secondary, but still notable factors are differentiation of loads along the Mediterranean collision zone and changes in magnitude of the ridge push force along the NW Continental passive margin of Europe. Results of rheological modelling indicate that the crust is entirely decoupled from the mantle in the Fore-Sudetic Platform, partial uncoupling in the base or the upper crust is possible in the TTZ while in the East European Craton (EEC) the whole lithosphere is coupled. The comparison of different set of data and models presented here provides a comprehensive geodynamic scenario for Poland, however, a number of unresolved questions still remains to be addressed.
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