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PLA filament is not equal to PLA filament: Experimental studies of the influence of the type of pigment on the mechanical and thermal properties of poly(lactic acid) products

Iwko Jacek, Jaruga Tomasz, Trzaska Oliwia, Stachowiak Tomasz

Materials Science Poland

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2023

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Vol. 41, No. 1

177-190

EN

The correct manufacture of products using FDM printers is not an easy task, taking into account the value and repeatability of material properties. The properties of elements manufactured in this way depend on many factors, both technological and material. Poly(lactic acid) PLA is one of the most willingly used materials in additive techniques. It is sold in a very wide range of colours. This work was intended to answer the question of how the type of pigment affects the mechanical and thermal properties of products obtained from PLA. The correlation between the material properties and the structure of the material as well as the macroscopic structure of the product has also been investigated. The paper analyses the mechanical and thermal properties of products made of PLA filaments in 12 basic colours obtained from one supplier. Bending, impact strength, HDT and Vicat softening point tests were carried out. The percentage content of residues after calcination the samples was determined. Additional analysis (DSC) was performed to interpret the obtained tests results. They indicate that the mechanical properties differ significantly between different types of PLA with differences of up to 45%. Vicat softening point tests indicate differences of 5°C between the extreme values of these parameters. The DSC interpretive study did not clearly show the reasons for these differences in the properties of the filaments.

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Impact of Impurities of Polypropylene and Silicone Inclusions on the Properties of Polyamide 6.6 Regranulates Derived from the Re-Processing of Airbags

Stachowiak Tomasz

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

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2022

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Vol. 67, iss. 2

455--463

EN

The following article presents the results of selected properties of regranulates of polyamide 6.6, regranules of polyamide contaminated with polypropylene and regranules of polyamide contaminated with silicone. The tested materials came from the reprocessing of polyamides 6.6 originally derived from production of airbags from renowned world producers (material for the research came from production waste). The results of examination were referred to regranulates of uncontaminated polyamide but also obtained from waste from the production of these airbags. The influence of impurities on properties of regranulates such as their density and melt flow index was assessed. The tests allowed to show a significant impact of impurities on the density but above all on the mass and volume flow rate index which ranged from 47 to 116 g/10 min. In the case of standardized test specimens selected thermal and mechanical properties were analyzed. Differential scanning calorimetry was used to assess the impact of impurities on the thermal properties of polyamides, allowing primarily identification of materials and impurities (especially polypropylene) as well as characteristic temperatures and the enthalpy of melting of the materials being analyzed. The mechanical properties were assessed using a DMA device. DMA research allowed to determine changes in mechanical properties in a wide temperature range of tested materials. It allowed to obtain full characteristics of changes in material stiffness under the influence of two factors, i.e. temperature and content of impurities, like polypropylene or silicone.

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Intelligent management in the age of Industry 4.0 – an example of a polymer processing company

Łukasik Katarzyna, Stachowiak Tomasz

Management and Production Engineering Review

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2020

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Vol. 11, No. 2

38--49

EN

In the article, the signiﬁcance and essence of management of intelligent manufacturing in the era of the fourth industrial revolution has been presented. The current revolution has a large impact on the operation of the company. Through the changes resulting from the application of modern technologies, production processes are also undergoing revolutions, which results in changes in such indicators of business development. Management of intelligent manufacturing is also a challenge for socially responsible activities; due to solutions of Industry 4.0, enterprises directly and indirectly inﬂuence environmental protection, which results in beneﬁts for all mankind. In the article, the analysis and assessment of management of intelligent manufacturing, using modern technologies during the production process, has been carried out, with particular emphasis on the components of management such as: monitoring, control, autonomy, optimization. Moreover, the impact of the above components of management on changes in the following indicators (KPI – Key Performance Indictors) has been evaluated, i.e. (1) quality, (2) rapidity of the production process implementation, (3) performance and (4) productivity, (5) decrease in waste generated during the technological process and (6) amount of consumed electricity. For the purposes of conducting the research, a case study has been used, developed due to the information shared by the company manufacturing machinery and equipment for the polymer processing industry, in which intelligent solutions of Industry 4.0 are being applied. The presented article is a signiﬁcant contribution to the current development of knowledge in the ﬁeld of implementing Industry 4.0 solutions for polymer processing. The article is a combination of theoretical and practical knowledge in the ﬁeld of management and practical industrial applications. It refers to the most current research trends.