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EN
Objectives: The research purpose of this article is to describe how logistics of prison service affects functioning of the modern penitentiary system. Methods: The main method used in this study is data analysis. Results: The analysis shows importance of a proper, well financed logistic system in the modern prison service Conclusions: Prison institutions need efficient logistical operations in order to be able to carry out elementary functions in an efficient manner and to ensure the statutory tasks assigned to them. If the transport system does not function properly, there is indeed an increased risk that detainees will not be taken to another unit at the right time, that they will not show up for their trial, or that they will not be able to carry out their work outside the prison. However, the risks are wider and may involve a greater likelihood of a successful assault on the convoy, or of a convict escaping from the transport. Potential problems also include an outsized risk to those involved in the transport, including officers. Low efficiency of supply and storage leads to material shortages and impedes the smooth running of prison or detention centre operations, and can be a factor leading to the violation of the rights of detainees.
EN
Objectives: This article aims to present the specificity of evacuationin the Prison Service practice resulting from an exceptional occurrence. Methods: The article has been written on the basis of the author's experience while working in the prison service as well as document analysis. Results: The Prison Service is one of those state dispositional services which enable its adequate protection in the face of various threats. In this case, it is about isolating offenders because they pose a real threat to public order and security. The role of the services is to prepare for emergencies to minimise the risk of injuries, deaths and damage to property that disrupt society and individual administrative systems. It is a significant challenge, as emergency events are impossible to predict, and only their probability can be estimated and preventive and mitigating actions established. Conclusions: The task of each professionally organised formation is to prepare for various circumstances, including crises. Events that require evacuation in the Prison Service are relatively rare. Evacuation under the conditions of the Prison Service is, therefore, usually a derivative of local threats: fires, natural disasters, and others, which require leaving the penitentiary institution. It should be emphasised that as prisoners serve their sentences of acute deprivation of liberty, penitentiary units must ensure their safety. This means acting in ordinary, everyday activities and responding to complex and unusual situations, including those requiring evacuation.
PL
Celem tego artykułu jest zaprezentowanie znaczenia rynku pożyczek poza bankowych w polskiej gospodarce, ograniczeń prawnych nakładanych na podmioty działające zgodnie z ustawą o kredycie konsumenckim oraz kreatywnych sposobów, w jaki spółki udzielające pożyczki poza bankowe, pomimo restrykcyjnych przepisów prawa polskiego, generują zyski. W artykule przedstawiono najpopularniejsze, stosowane przez spółki pożyczkowe rozwiązania pozwalające być w zgodzie z prawem polskim (często działając na granicy prawa), a zarazem maksymalizujące zysk tj. refinansowanie netto i refinansowanie brutto.
EN
The purpose of this article is to present the significance of the non-banking lending market in the Polish economy, the legal constraints imposed on entities operating under the consumer credit law, and the creative ways in which non-bank loan companies, despite restrictive Polish law, generate profits. The article presents the most popular solutions applied by the loan companies, which allow them to be compliant with the Polish law (often acting on the law border), while maximizing profit which are net refinancing and gross refinancing.
PL
Celem tego artykułu jest analiza kosztów ponoszonych przez spółki giełdowe w celu dostarczenia zatwierdzonych przez biegłego rewidenta danych finansowych oraz zaprezentowanie, w jakim stopniu sytuacja finansowa spółki wpływa na koszt ponoszony wobec audytorów. W celu przeprowadzenia powyższej analizy, w artykule przedstawiono wnioski wynikające z modelu ekonometrycznego, w którym jako zmienną objaśnianą przyjęto koszty obowiązkowego badania sprawozdań finansowych spółek notowanych na Giełdzie Papierów Wartościowych w Warszawie („GPW”) przez biegłych rewidentów, a jako zmienne objaśniające przyjęto podstawowe wskaźniki/dane finansowe tychże spółek. Interpretacja parametrów uzyskanego modelu ekonometrycznego potwierdziła dodatnią korelację kosztów audytu z poziomem kapitałów własnych, osiągniętym zyskiem netto oraz wskaźnikiem ogólnego zadłużenia spółki.
EN
The purpose of this article is to analyze costs incurred by listed companies to provide financial data validated by an auditor and present to what extent the company's financial situation affects costs paid to the auditors. In order to perform the abovementioned analysis, the article presents the conclusions of the econometric model in which the costs of the mandatory audit of financial statements of companies listed on the Stock Exchange in Warsaw was taken as dependent variable, and as explanatory variables the basic indicators / financial data of those companies were taken. Interpretation of parameters obtained from econometric model confirmed a positive correlation between the cost of the audit and the level of equity, achieved net profit and the overall debt ratio of the company.
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