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EN
A novel and highly-efficient amino-acid-based collector, α-ethylenediamine lauric acid (α-EDA-LA), was studied to selectively beneficiate carbonate-containing refractory hematite ores. Single mineral and synthetic mixture flotation tests were carried out to investigate its floating performance. Zeta potential, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Density Functional Theory-based molecular simulation were used to identify the adsorption mechanism. The flotation results showed that quartz could be collected effectively at pH 11.0-12.0 in the reverse flotation. For siderite, the recovery peaked at 83.4% at pH 8.0, where siderite presented different floatability from magnetite and hematite. Exploiting such difference, the separation of siderite could be achieved. Zeta-potential measurements showed that α-EDA-LA adsorption on the surfaces of siderite and quartz decreased the corresponding zeta potentials at pH of 8.0-10.0 and 8.0-12.0, respectively. This means the adsorption overcome the electrostatic repulsion between α-EDA-LA and the mineral surfaces. The molecular simulation indicated that no chemisorption took place between α-EDA-LA and quartz. FTIR analysis suggested that α-EDA-LA was adsorbed on quartz via hydrogen bonding. The adsorption of α-EDA-LA on siderite surface was dominated by chemisorption, while further enhanced by hydrogen bonding. This study filled the gap in the research on siderite flotation reagents and its adsorption mechanism.
EN
A new type collector α-Bromolauric acid (α-BLA) had been proved to be an efficient collector for quartz flotation. However, the effects of α-BLA on the flotation behavior of iron minerals and quartz-iron separation had not been investigated. In this study, collector α-BLA was synthesized in the laboratory. The flotation behavior of quartz, hematite and magnetite under α-BLA reverse flotation system were investigated and the separation mechanism of quartz-irons was studied by contact angle, zeta-potential and infrared spectroscopy. The results showed that the optimum flotation pH was 11.5 for quartz, 6.45 for hematite and 6.97 for magnetite. The best α-BLA concentrations was 75 mg/dm3 for quartz flotation, 125 mg/dm3 for hematite and magnetite flotation. The activator CaCl2 had little effect on the flotation of hematite and magnetite, but the minimum dosage 50 mg/dm3 of activator CaCl2 was necessary for quartz flotation. On the contrary, starch had no effect on the flotation of quartz, while the recoveries of magnetite and hematite tended to be 0% as starch concentration more than 80 mg/dm3. The separation mechanism of quartz from iron minerals under α-BLA reverse flotation system was that the starch could be selectively adsorbed on the surface of hematite and magnetite in the form of strong hydrogen bond adsorption. However, the same adsorption of starch did not occur on the surface of quartz, so the α-BLA can be successfully adsorbed on the surface of activated quartz to make the quartz strongly hydrophobic, and then to be floated out.
EN
This paper is aimed at investigating activation behaviors for coal-series kaolin using fluidized bed calcination as a novel method. The properties of calcined products at different temperature by fluidized bed calcination were evaluated by determination of weight loss rate, whiteness, chemical oxygen demand (COD), aluminum dissolution degree. The thermal behaviors and reaction mechanism were characterized by thermo gravimetric-differential scanning calorimetry (TG-DSC), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), particle size distribution (PSD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results showed that calcination temperature was essential factor determining the properties and crystallinity of calcined products using fluidized bed calcination. Coal-series kaolin transformed into irregular and amorphous metakaolin with excellent properties as calcined at 600-900 °C, which attributed to the dehydroxylation of kaolinite and combustion of carbon/organic matter. Calcined kaolin eliminated activity ascribed to the recrystallization into mullite when calcination temperature was over 1000 °C. It was believed that fluidized bed calcination was an efficient thermal activation technology for coal-series kaolin and the calcination temperature should be controlled accurately.
EN
Iron ore tailing is a kind of hazardous solid waste produced by iron and steel industry. In order to separate and recycle iron from the magnetic preconcentrate of an iron ore tailing, an innovative technological route of fluidized magnetization roasting followed by low-intensity magnetic separation was proposed in this paper. The effects of roasting temperature, dosages of reducing gas CO and fluidizing gas N2 on recovery rate of iron were carried out and optimized. The results showed that the hematite was almost reduced to magnetite by a gas mixture of 4 m3/h CO and 1 m3/h N2 at roasting temperature of 540 °C. Under the optimized conditions, a magnetic concentrate assaying 61.4 wt% Fe with a recovery rate of 81.8% was obtained from the magnetic preconcentrate of an iron ore tailing. The iron chemical phase, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and optical metallographic microscope analyses revealed that siderite was converted to magnetite successfully after roasting, and some coarse magnetite-hematite interlocking particles were formed due to insufficient reaction time, which could also be recovered by magnetic separation after liberating from gangue minerals.
EN
In the process of coal extraction, a fractured zone is developed in the overburden above the goaf. If the fractured zone is connected with an aquifer, then water inrush may occur. Hence, research and analysis of the height of overburden fractured zone (HOFZ) are of considerable significance. This study focuses on the HOFZ determination in deep coal mining. First, general deformation failure characteristics of overburden were discussed. Second, a new method, numerical simulation by orthogonal design(NSOD), have been proposed to determinate the HOFZ in deep coal mining. Third, the validity of NSOD is verified in the practical application, compared with empiric al formula in Chinese Regulations and in-situ test. These three methods were applied to determine the HOFZ of working face No. 111303 in No. 5 coal mine. The pre dicted HOFZ of NSOD is found to be similar to the result of the in-situ test (8.9% relative error), whereas the HOFZ calculated by the empirical formula has extremely large error (25.7% relative error). Results show that the NSOD can reliably predict the HOFZ in deep coal mining and reduce time and expenses required for in-situ test.
PL
W trakcie prowadzenia wydobycia węgla w warstwie skalnej leżącej ponad zrobami powstaje strefa spękań. Jeśli nieciągłości te związane są z formacjami wodonośnymi, może nastąpić nagły wypływ wód do kopalni. Stąd też waga problemu i konieczność badania wysokości strefy spękań w warstwach nadkładu zalegających nad wyrobiskiem. W pracy tej główny nacisk położono na określenie wysokości strefy spękań warstwy nadkładu zalegającej ponad wyrobiskiem w kopalni podziemnej. W pierwszej części pracy przedstawiono główne charakterystyki powstawania deformacji i pęknięć w warstwach nadkładu. Następnie zaproponowano nową metodę symulacji numerycznych w układzie ortogonalnym i jej wykorzystanie do określania wysokości strefy spękań w warstwach nadkładu w kopalni podziemnej. Następnie powyższą metodę zweryfikowano w praktycznym zastosowaniu, jako poziomy odniesienia wykorzystano odpowiednie wzory empiryczne określone w przepisach obowiązujących w Chinach oraz wyniki pomiarów in-situ. Powyższe trzy metody zastosowane zostały do określenia wysokości strefy spękań w warstwach nadkładu przy prowadzeniu ściany 111303 w kopalni węgla nr 5. Wyniki obliczeń wysokości strefy spękań uzyskane w oparciu o zaproponowaną nową metodę w dużym stopniu pokrywały się z wynikami pomiarów in-situ (błąd względny 8.9%); podczas gdy obliczenia wysokości strefy spękań w oparciu o odpowiednie wzory empiryczne obarczone były dużym błędem (błąd względny 25.7%). Uzyskane wyniki wskazują wiarygodność obliczeń w oparciu o zaproponowaną metodę, co pozwoli na ograniczenie czasu i kosztów związanych z wykonywaniem pomiarów in-situ.
EN
Interaction between mineral particles during ascharite flotation was investigated by flotation, zeta potential, Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek (DLVO) theory, atomic force microscope (AFM) and SEM-EDS tests. Flotation results showed that the ascharite recovery decreased significantly in the presence of serpentine. In order to improve the ascharite recovery, negative charged quartz was used to limit the detrimental effect of serpentine on ascharite flotation in this research. The effect of quartz on improving ascharite recovery was attributed to the particle surface interactions. The DLVO theory was applied to study the particles interaction in the aqueous solution. The fitting curves showed that serpentine could attach to the surface of quartz easily, and quartz would be well dispersed with ascharite. Therefore, quartz can improve the ascharite flotation performance effectively by interaction between particles. Zeta potential tests showed the opposite charges on the surfaces of mineral particles, which was the basic reason leading to particles interaction. The force measurement results of AFM indicated that the attraction force existed between serpentine and ascharite, as well as serpentine and quartz, but the force between quartz and ascharite was repulsive. The DLVO theory was in a good agreement with the results of AFM. Eventually, particles coating were observed by SEM-EDS, which supported the results of DLVO theory and AFM measurements. During the flotation process, addition of quartz would lead to attachment of serpentine to the quartz surface, so the adverse effect of serpentine on decreasing floatability of ascharite was weakened.
EN
The optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) decay curve is assumed to consist of a number of first-order exponential components. Improper estimation of the number of components leads to under-or over-fitting of the curve under consideration. Hence, correct estimation of the number of components is important to accurately analyze an OSL decay curve. In this study, we investigated the possibility of using the Bayesian Information Criterion to estimate the optimal number of components in an OSL decay curve. We tested the reliability of this method using several hundred measured decay curves and three simulation scenarios. Our results demonstrate that the quality of the identification can be influenced by several factors: the measurement time and the number of channels; the variability of the decay constants; and the signal-to-noise ratios of a decaying component. The results also suggest that the Bayesian Information Criterion has great potential to estimate the number of components in an OSL decay curve with a moderate to high signal-to-noise ratio.
EN
This paper presents the control strategies and digital simulation for the double-fed induction generator (DFIG)-based wind generators for transient stability studies. The wind turbine power tracking characteristics and the power flow mechanism of the DFIG-based wind plant are analyzed. The rotor-side converter (RSC) control, grid-side converter (GSC) control and the pitch angle control scheme are presented based on the phasor model of the DFIG system. The voltage-regulation mode and var-regulation mode are analyzed using control block diagram, and the simulation results of the benchmark system using Matlab/Simulink are presented. The voltage regulation mode and reactive power capabilities are found to be highly effective for low-voltage ride-through (LVRT) capabilities and transient stability enhancement of the DFIG-based wind generators.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono metodę sterowania silnika typu DFIG w zastosowaniu do elektrowni wiatrowej. Analizie poddano charakterystykę turbiny oraz obwodu mocy z maszyną. Zaprezentowano schematy blokowe zastosowanych struktur sterowania. Otrzymane wyniki symulacyjne potwierdziły wysoką skuteczność i stabilność proponowanego algorytmu także przy obniżonym napięciu sieci (LVRT).
EN
This paper proposes a novel passivity-based control scheme for the cascaded H-bridge (CHB) DSTATCOM. The mathematical model of the CHB-DSTATCOM is devised by partitioning the CHB-DSTATCOM into n-block subsystems, and the control algorithm is devised using the adaptive passivity controller. The power balancing mechanism and the stable control region are analyzed using the phasorial diagram representation. The Electromagnetic Transient Program (EMTP) is used for digital simulation, and the Transient Analysis of Control System (TACS) and the MODELS language of the EMTP are utilized for control algorithm implementation. The simulation results of the CHB-DSTATCOM under abrupt dclink voltage variations are provided with comparative evaluations. The devised control scheme of the CHB-DSTATCOM is validated by the simulation and experimental results from the prototype system.
PL
W artykule zaproponowano układ sterowania kaskadowo połączonych systemów DSTATCOM biorąc pod uwagę składowa bierną mocy. Mechanizm równoważenia mocy i sterowanie stabilnością są analizowane na podstawie reprezentacji fazora.
EN
This paper presents the modelling and effective controlled design for the three-phase cascaded H-bridge (CHB) multilevel active power filter (APF).The mathematical model of the CHB-APF is derived using state-space representations, and the discrete domain model is also presented. A robust predictive current controller is proposed, which shows excellent steady-state precision and sufficient dynamic characteristics owing to the Luenberger observer-based adaptive control algorithm. The digital simulation results obtained from the Matlab/Simulink and the electromagnetic transient program (EMTP-ATP) are presented. The validity and effectiveness of the devised control algorithms are validated by the simulation results.
PL
Zaprezentowano modelowanie I projekt trzyfazowego kaskadowego wielopoziomowego filtru aktywnego mocy. Opracowano predykcyjny sterownik prądu z algorytmem bazującym na obserwatorze Leuenbergera. Zaprezentowano symulacje z wykorzystaniem programu Matlab/Simulink i EMTP-ATP.
11
EN
This paper proposes an embedded meander bridge planar EBG structure, which can effectively suppress ultra-wideband (UWB) simultaneous switching noise (SSN) in power/ground plane pairs. This paper demonstrates that the valid -30 dB suppression bandwidth of the novel EBG structure is from 500 MHz to 14.5 GHz, covering a range of 14GHz. Furthermore, the effects of the EBG power plane on signal integrity (SI) is investigated. The design rules of the signal lines over the EBG power/ground plane pairs are also studied. The simulated and measured results are compared to verify the performance.
PL
W artykule opisano mostkową strukture EBG typu meander która umożliwia skuteczne tłumienie szumów szerokopasmowych. Układ umożliwia tłumienie o 30 dB sygnałów w paśmie 500 MHz – 14.5 GHz.
12
Content available remote A Novel Design of Electromagnetic Bandgap Structure and its Effects on PI and SI
EN
Power/Ground plane structure is the best configuration of the modern plane power distribution system. But in the high speed circuit, the resonant modes of the P/G planes can be excited when the high speed signal changes the reference plane. Thus it brings the ground bounce noise (GBN) and simultaneous switching noises (SSN) problems. This paper presents a novel electromagnetic bandgap structure which can suppress the high frequency and ultra-high frequency GBN and SSN by using a special S shape slender to connect the EBG unit. But the structure has a certain effect on the signal transmission features, while the simulation results show that loading the EBG structure in partial is not only able to restrain the GBN and SSN effectively, but also able to achieve good propagation characteristics.
PL
W artykule analizowane są szumy typu GBN I SSN. Zaprezxentoewano nową elektrlomagnetyczną strukturę pasmową umożliwiająca tłumienie tych szumów przy wysokich częstotliwościach.
13
Content available remote Power balancing control strategies for the cascaded H-bridge multilevel DSTATCOM
EN
This paper proposes a novel power balancing control scheme for the cascaded H-bridge (CHB) DSTATCOM. The principle of the carrier phase-shifted pulse-width modulation (CPS-PWM) and the mathematical model of the CHB-DSTATCOM are presented. The power balancing mechanism and the stable control region are analyzed using the phasorial diagram representation. The current loop controller is designed by using root locus approach, and the dc-link voltage balancing controller is synthesized based on the devised power balancing mechanism. The simulation results obtained from the alternative transient program (ATP) are presented and evaluated. The validity and effectiveness of the control scheme is confirmed by the simulation and experimental results.
PL
Zapropnowano nową metodę równoważenia mocy w kaskadowym H-mostkowym SSTATCOM. Zaprezentowano zasadę modulacji przesunięcia fazowego i szerokości impulsu CPS-PWM i model matematyczny CHB-DSTATCOM. Równoważenie mocy i analiza stabilnego sterowania zostały przeprowadzone przy użyciu diagramu fazowego. Kontroler pętli prądowej został zaprojektowany przy użyciu obwiedni pierwiastkowej a kontroler napięcia dc-link jest syntetyzowany na podstawie balansu mocy. Przedstawiono symulowane rezultaty. Symulacje i eksperymenty potwierdziły skuteczność metody.
EN
This paper presents the averaged and switching function modelling for the active power filter (APF) with LCL-type coupling impedance. The mathematical model of the LCL-type APF is derived using switching function modelling technique, followed by the Fourier series analysis of the switching functions. The equivalent circuits are presented from the averaged and switching ripple model. The presented technique is also extended to the analysis of the modulation signal and inverter dc-link voltage. Finally, the experimental results are presented for verification.
PL
Artykuł prezentuje modelowanie uśredniającej i przełączającej funkcji aktywnego filtru z impedancja sprzęgającą typu LCL. Model matematyczny jest wyprowadzony przy modelowaniu funkcji przełączającej a następnie przez analizę Fouriera tej funkcji. Zaprezentowano schemat zastępczy. Przedstawiona technika może być rozszerzona do analizy sygnału modulowanego i przekształtnika. Na zakończenie przedstawiono wyniki eksperymentów.
EN
This paper presents the survey of the smart grid technologies, including the background, motivation and practical applications. The driving forces for the smart grid technologies are presented, including the blackout, global energy crisis and environmental protection requirement. The key technology issues for building the smart grid are discussed. The crucial elements of the smart grid and their applications are introduced, including the un-interruptible power supply (UPS), adaptive var compensator (AVC), static synchronous compensator (STATCOM), active power filter (APF), unified power quality conditioner (UPQC), micro-grid, solar and wind generation, and high voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission technologies.
PL
Artykuł prezentuje przegląd technologii smart grid”. Uwzględniono takie zjawiska jak blackout, globalny kryzys energetyczny i zalecenia ochrony środowiska. Omówiono podstawowe elementy sieci „smart grid” i jej zastosowania, uwzględniając systemy UPS, AVC, STATCOM, APF, UPQC, źródła słoneczne i wiatrowe oraz technologię transmisji napięcia stałego HVDC.
EN
This paper proposes an LCL-filter-based hybrid active power filter for harmonic mitigation and reactive power of a 10/0.4kV residential distribution system. Adaptive linear neural network (ADALINE) is applied for individual harmonic component extraction from distorted nonlinear load currents, and the estimated signals are used for the selective harmonic elimination (SHE) purpose in the current-loop controller. A robust deadbeat current control law is derived based on the low frequency model of the presented topology. By using the ADALINE based SHE strategy, the currentloop controller bandwidth is significantly reduced thus the stability of whole system is ensured. The proposed control algorithms were digitally implemented in TMS320F2812 DSP controllers, where the dual DSP plus FPGA hardware configuration was adopted for precise signal conditioning and calculation. Both the laboratory experiments and field tests are implemented. The feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed system have been substantially confirmed by the laboratory experiments and field tests, which were obtained from the practical installation of the prototype systems in a residential distribution system as well as in the distribution system in the punching shop of an auto manufactory factory.
PL
W artykule zaproponowano aktywny filtr LCL do tłumienia harmonicznych i mocy biernej w 10/0.4 kV lokalnej sieci rozdzielczej. Wykorzystano adaptacyjną sieć neuronową do ekstrakcji harmonicznych z prądów odkształconych a wyznaczony sygnał zastosowano do selektywnej eliminacji harmonicznych. Odporny układ kontroli prądu bazuje na niskoczęstotliwościowym modelu sieci. Dzięki proponowanej strategii pasmo kontrolera jest zredukowane a stabilnosć poprawiona. Proponowany algorytm implementowano wykorzystując procesor typu TMS 320F2812 w którym adaptowano podwójny DSP i FPGA układ do precyzyjnego kondycjonowania sygnału i obliczeń. Testy laboratoryjne potwierdziły skuteczność algorytmu. System sprawdzono w lokalnej sieci rozdzielczej w fabryce samochodów.
EN
A novel approach for implementation of the PWM gating and IGBT protection scheme is proposed for the grid-connected cascaded Hbridge multilevel inverter applications. The controller architecture based on the master/slave configuration is presented, with the main focus on the implementation issues of the bottom FPGA controller and IGBT drivers. The gating strategies and protection scheme are presented by introducing the hardware circuitry and the VHDL codes. Experimental results based on three H-bridge modules are provided for verification.
PL
Zaproponowano nową możliwość wykorzystania bramkowania PWM i protekcji IGBT w sieciowo połączonej kaskadzie wielopoziomowych przekształtników. Architektura kontrolera bazowała na konfiguracji master/slave. Strategia bramkowania i schemat zabezpieczeń zostały sprawdzone sprzętowo. Wyniki eksperymentu z trzema mostkowymi modułami typu H potwierdziły założenia. (Zastosowanie bramkowania PWM i zabezpieczenia IGBT w kratowo połączonym wielopoziomowym przekształtniku.
18
Content available remote A Robust Deadbeat Control Scheme for Active Power Filter with LCL Input Filter
EN
This paper proposes a novel robust deadbeat control scheme for the active power filter with LCL input filter. The selection of the current loop gain is discussed by using root locus diagram representation to ensure stability of the closed-loop control algorithm. A feed-forward plus feedback control structure is adopted to achieve accurate steady-state performance and fast dynamic response by using the adaptive linear neural network (ANN) harmonic detection scheme. The validity of the control scheme is verified by the extensive simulation and experimental results.
PL
Artykuł przedstawia nowy odporny system sterowania dla aktywnych filtrów energetycznych z wejściowym filtrem LCL. Dobór wzmocnienia pętli prądowej jest analizowany dla zapewnienia stabilności sterowania przy zamkniętej pętli. Zaadaptowano sprzężenie do przodu i sprzężenie zwrotne dla dokładnego osiągnięcia stanu ustalonego i szybkiej odpowiedzi dynamicznej przy wykorzystaniu adaptacyjnej liniowej sieci neuronowej. Jakość sterowania potwierdzono badaniami symulacyjnymi i eksperymentalnymi.
EN
This paper proposes a generalized mathematical framework for power system harmonic estimation based on Affine Projection Adaptive Filter (APAF) Theory. The presented harmonic estimation scheme is investigated by stringent theoretic derivation, followed by extensive simulation results using three-dimension (3D) manifold representations of the error performance surface of the APAF. The real-time implementation of the proposed scheme using digital signal processor (DSP) is also reported, which demonstrates the validity and effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.
PL
W artykule zaproponowano uogólniony matematyczną strukturę do określania zawartości harmonicznych w systemie zasilania bazując na teorii filtrów adaptacyjnych. Zaprezentowany schemat określania zawartości harmonicznych został zbadany teoretycznie a następnie przeprowadzono symulacje przy wykorzystaniu trójwymiarowej reprezentacji. Przedstawiono implementację w czasie rzeczywistym przy wykorzystaniu procesora sygnałowego DSP która potwierdziła poprawność i efektywność zaproponowanego algorytmu.
EN
This paper reports a hybrid power quality compensation scheme based on a combination of dynamic reactive power compensator and a dual active power filters (APF) topology configuration. The parameter designing procedure for reactive compensator and the control strategy for the dual active power filters are presented. The proposed compensation scheme was practically implemented for power quality mitigation project of Shanghai Volkswagen (SVW) Company. The validity and effectiveness of the proposed compensation scheme is verified by the field test results.
PL
W pracy przedstawiono hybrydowy układ kompensacji jakości energii składający sie z dynamicznego kompensatora mocy biernej I podwójnego filtru aktywnego. Przedstawiono procedurę projektową kompensatora mocy biernej i strategię sterowania filtrami aktywnymi. Proponowany system był zastosowany w Shanghai Volkswagen (SVW) Company. Jakość i skuteczność metody została zweryfikowana w warunkach pracy.
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