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Evaluating transmitters for quantifying respiratory airflow in the breathing mechanism

Barański Robert, Nitkiewicz Szymon, Zając Andrzej, Kukwa Andrzej, Stano Łukasz, Szawarc Sebastian

Diagnostyka

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2024

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Vol. 25, No. 1

art. no. 2024105

EN

Techniques for measuring fluid flow have been known since the 19th century. The first solutions based on the use of pressure only allowed relatively slow changes to be observed. It was not until measurement techniques based on the use of electronic components and the phenomenon of thermo-transfer, combined with a method enabling fast signal recording (A/C converters), that it became possible to analyse the flow of a medium (e.g. air) in detail. Although flow sensors based on measuring changes in resistance have been known for many years, new solutions are still being developed. This paper presents the results of a study using three sensors. Their response to laminar airflow was investigated for different velocities (1.2 - 2.6 m/s). The flow forcing was implemented using an axial fan and the signals were measured simultaneously for all the sensors tested. The results showed which sensors had the smallest dispersion of results (PAN and WA sensors) and confirmed that for the investigated velocity variations (0.14 m/s pitch) the results are unambiguously interpretable.. It should be noted that sensor research is related to the need to develop a device to measure flow as accurately as possible, while at the same time ensuring the comfort of the test person during the measurements. Therefore, the search was for a sensor that is small in size and at the same time resistant to damage and operation in a harsh humid environment.

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Anatomical and functional assessment of patency of the upper respiratory tract in selected respiratory disorders - Part 2

Zając Andrzej, Kukwa Andrzej, Barański Robert, Nitkiewicz Szymon, Zomkowska Edyta, Rybak Adam

Metrology and Measurement Systems

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2022

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Vol. 29, nr 3

429--454

EN

This article presents selected physical diagnostic methods used in otorhinolaryngology and results of their application. In addition to the applications of methods using the capabilities of selective sensors, selected methods of hybrid diagnostics were also presented - for assessment of parameters of respiratory processes, with polysomnography as an example of using both typical diagnostic methods dedicated to otolaryngology, as well as standard EEG and ECG methods. It has been shown that in some special cases of respiratory disorders, measurements of the air flow in the respiratory tract can be supplemented with pressure measurements in selected positions within the airways. The presented optical methods and diagnostic systems are very often used in the diagnosis of diseases not specific for otolaryngology occurring in the area of the head and neck. The presented material is the second part of the study discussing both standard and widely used diagnostic methods. All presented methods are dedicated to otolaryngology. This text is a continuation of the material published in No 4 of 2021 [1].

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Anatomical and functional assessment of patency of the upper respiratory tract in selected respiratory disorders - Part 1

Kukwa Andrzej, Zając Andrzej, Barański Robert, Nitkiewicz Szymon, Kukwa Wojciech, Zomkowska Edyta, Rybak Adam

Metrology and Measurement Systems

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2021

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Vol. 28, nr 4

813--836

EN

The rapidly developing measurement techniques and emerging new physical methods are frequently used in otolaryngological diagnostics. A wide range of applied diagnostic methods constituted the basis for the review study aimed at presenting selected modern diagnostic methods and achieved diagnostic results to a wider group of users. In this part, the methods based on measuring the respiratory parameters of patients were analysed. Respiration is the most important and necessary action to support life and its effective duration. It is an actual gas exchange in the respiratory system consisting of removing CO2 and supplying O2. Gas exchange occurs in the alveoli, and an efficient respiratory tract allows for effective ventilation. The disruption in the work of the respiratory system leads to measurable disturbances in blood saturation and, consequently, hypoxia. Frequent, even short-term, recurrent hypoxia in any part of the body leads to multiple complications. This process is largely related to its duration and the processes that accompany it. The causes of hypoxia resulting from impaired patency of the respiratory tract and/or the absence of neuronal respiratory drive can be divided into the following groups depending on the cause: peripheral, central and/or of mixed origin. Causes of the peripheral form of these disorders are largely due to the impaired patency of the upper and/or lower respiratory tract. Therefore, early diagnosis and location of these disorders can be considered reversible and not a cause of complications. Slow, gradually increasing obstruction of the upper respiratory tract (URT) is not noticeable and becomes a slow killer. Hypoxic individuals in a large percentage of cases have a shorter life expectancy and, above all, deal with the consequences of hypoxia much sooner.

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The study of Arduino UNO feasibility for DAQ purposes

Barański Robert, Galewski Marek A., Nitkiewicz Szymon

Diagnostyka

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2019

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Vol. 20, No. 2

33--48

EN

Using microcontroller systems becomes a routine in various measurement and control tasks. Their wide availability together with a huge potential of extending their functionality by additional modules allows developing advanced measuring and monitoring systems by non-specialists. However, using popular example codes often leads the user to pass over or not to be aware of the limitations of the system and drawing too farreaching conclusions on the basis of incorrectly performed measurements This paper deals with the problem of choosing the right method for performing measurements using an acquisition system based on the budget Arduino UNO solution. The main assumption was to use the standard, widely available Arduino libraries. The work focuses on the scenario when data should be subject to time and frequency analysis in the later processing. The operating limits of the device were also determined depending on the data transmission method used.

PL

Pomiary wielkości fizycznych z wykorzystaniem układów opartych na mikrokontrolerach stają się standardem. Ich szeroka dostępność wraz z modułami rozszerzającymi ich funkcjonalność daje możliwość budowy zaawansowanych układów pomiarowych i monitorujących przez osoby nie będące specjalistami. Szereg dostępnych przykładów umożliwia szybką budowę systemu pomiarowego. Niejednokrotnie jednak powoduje, iż użytkownik jak i konstruktor nie zdają sobie sprawy z ograniczeń układu i na podstawie pomiarów wyciągają zbyt daleko idące wnioski. Niniejsza praca dotyka problematyki właściwej metody pozyskiwania danych pomiarowych. Na przykładach popularnie wykorzystywanych podejść do akwizycji danych, zobrazowano nie widoczne w pierwszym momencie skutki. W pracy skoncentrowano się na sytuacji, gdy w późniejszej obróbce dane mają podlegać analizom czasowym lub częstotliwościowym. Całość poparto przykładami bazując na układzie Arduino UNO. Założeniem autorów było wykorzystanie standardowo dostępnych bibliotek.