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Advances in wastewater remediation using functionalized metallic and semiconductor nanomaterials: A systematic review

Carbajal-Morán Hipólito, Marquez-Camarena Javier Francisco, Galván-Maldonado Carlos Abel, Zárate-Quiñones Rosa Haydeé

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

2025

Vol. 26, iss. 2

205--219

The increasing scarcity of water resources has driven the need for innovative solutions for wastewater reclamation using different nanomaterials. The purpose of the research was to establish the progress of wastewater remediation using functionalized metallic and semiconductor nanomaterials. A systematic review was carried out following the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) methodology with a search comprised between the years 2010 to 2024, from which 50 scientific articles were selected that met inclusion and exclusion criteria. Magnetic, noble, and chalcogenide metallic nanomaterials, as well as semiconductor nanomaterials, were considered. As an advance it was reported that the most efficient nanomaterial in the recovery of contaminated water is ZnO that when functionalized has high adsorption capacity of several heavy metals ions (Cd2+, Hg2+ and Pb2+), being reusable for several cycles; for its part, functionalized CuO is highly efficient in the adsorption of Ni²⁺ and Cd²⁺ having an efficiency of 99.16%; another advance found is the use of magnetic nanoparticles Fe3O4 and Fe2O3 for specific adsorption of heavy metal ions with efficiencies above 99%, and with significant reusability with magnetic desorption methods; for adsorption of dyes and colorants the compound CoFe₂O₄ reaches efficiencies of 98.6% for methylene blue and 95.3% for rhodamine B; semiconducting nanomaterials such as TiO2 stand out in the degradation of organic pollutants by photocatalysis, managing to remove up to 95% of dyes and pesticides; finally, advanced functionalization techniques, such as the use of L-cysteine in Au nanoparticles, have enabled the rapid detection of heavy metals through color changes in plasmons. It is concluded that these advances not only improve efficiency in the remediation of water contaminated by heavy metals, dyes, colorants, and organic and inorganic pollutants in general but also promote sustainability through the repeated use of nanomaterials, which reduces costs and minimizes environmental impact.

Determination of the Reliability of the Automated System for Organoleptic Water Quality

Carbajal-Morán Hipólito, Galván-Maldonado Carlos Abel, Zárate-Quiñones Rosa Haydeé, Osorio-Berrocal Emilio, Cortez-Galindo Hernán, Márquez-Camarena Javier Francisco

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

2024

Vol. 25, iss. 8

207--220

Water quality is essential for a healthy life, so it is necessary to look for technologies to measure its parameters in real time and automatically. The purpose of this study was to implement and determine the reliability of an automated system to evaluate the organoleptic water quality intended for human consumption, in the urban distribution network of the district of Daniel Hernandez (Peru), using a programmable logic controller (PLC) and Simulink. The study was carried out from January to March 2024, corresponding to the rainfall season. In the process of the research, a data acquisition and processing algorithm was implemented in a Simatic S7 1500 PLC with analog input module; using the national sanitation foundation water quality index (NSF-WQI) methodology. The work focused on five key water parameters: potential hydrogen (pH), electrical conductivity (EC), turbidity, free chlorine (FCL) and temperature. The methodology included programming in contact language (KOP) of the algorithm for calculating subscripts for each parameter, according to the functions established by NSF-WQI. Measurements were performed with 4-wire sensing devices with 4–20 mA current signals, ensuring data accuracy. The interface to visualize the parameters and the water quality index was implemented in Simulink, communicating via OPC UA with the PLC server, facilitating the graphical representation of the organoleptic water quality index. The overall equipment efficiency (OEE) or automated system implemented was 90.56%, indicating its acceptable reliability for evaluating water quality. By performing the measurements, with the sensors of the five parameters immersed in tap water, at each of the three established sampling points (Dwelling_1, Dwelling_2 and Dwelling_3) along the water distribution network, the system facilitated the automated and real-time evaluation of the quality, resulting in an average NSF-WQI of 83.08%, classifying the water as good for human consumption. This information is important for water quality management and can guide future treatments to achieve better quality.