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Triggers of present-day rockfalls in the zone of sporadic permafrost in non-glaciated mountain region: the case study of Turnia Kurczaba (the Tatra Mts., Poland)

Kajdas Joanna, Gądek Bogdan, Rączkowska Zofia, Cebulski Jarosław

Geology, Geophysics and Environment

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2024

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Vol. 50, no. 1

23--38

EN

In recent decades there has been growing evidence of the impact of ongoing climate warming on the frequency of rockfalls. However, these are not adequately documented, especially in non-glaciated, high mountain regions of middle latitude. This study comprehensively documents the Turnia Kurczaba rockfall, one of the most significant rockfalls recorded in recent decades in the Tatra Mountains. The precise projections of the volumes and distribution of rock losses and deposits, the determination of the trajectories, modes and speeds of movement of rock material, as well as information on the geological, morphological, and meteorological conditions behind the Turnia Kurczaba rockfall form a unique dataset. The data documents a spectacular episode in the contemporary development of a complex slope system in the Tatras in an all-encompassing way and can be used to validate and calibrate existing models and improve numerical simulations of other rockfalls, both for hazard and risk assessment and slope evolution studies. Moreover, in the context of archival data, they demonstrate that in the Tatra sporadic permafrost zone, only relatively small rockfalls have been recorded in recent decades. Their cause was not the degradation of permafrost but freeze-thaw processes with the co-participation of rainwater and meltwater. The largest of these occur within densely fractured cataclysites, mylonites, and fault breccias. The impact of rockfalls on the morphodynamics of talus slopes is uneven in the storied arranged rock-talus slope systems. Even colluviums belonging to the same slope system can differ in their development rate and regime, and different thermal and wetness drivers can control their evolution.

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Rzeźba strukturalna obszaru Świętokrzyskiego Parku Narodowego

Łajczak Adam, Urban Jan, Rączkowska Zofia, Wałach Grzegorz

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2020

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vol. 68, nr 2

102--111

EN

The area of the Świętokrzyski National Park is one of the most evident examples of structural morphology in Poland. Its relief is clearly determined by bedrock lithology: the hill ranges are composed of hard quartzitic sandstones of the upper Cambrian (Łysogóry Range) and the Lower Devonian (Klonowskie Range), while the depressions, usually vast and flat-bottomed, are distributed on outcrops of soft, easily weathered and eroded Ordovician and Silurian shales, greywackes and sandstones. The parallel pattern of hill ranges and depressions, as well as a mesh-grid pattern of river valley systems and the antecedent character of river gaps, reflects fold tectonics modified by transverse faults. Such a morphology developed during the Paleogene and Neogene under hot and then warm, gradually cooling climatic conditions. In the Pleistocene, principally under the periglacial conditions, block fields (symbols of the Świętokrzyski NP) and crags (crests, table-like forms, cupolas and spurs) were formed. The shape and spatial position of most crags are related to geological structures.

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Effect of snow patches on vegetation in the high-mountain nival gullies (Tatra Mts. Poland)

Kozłowska Anna, Rączkowska Zofia

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2006

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Vol. 54, nr 1

69-90

EN

The purposes of the present paper are: a) to characterise the spatial pattern of vegetation in the high mountain nival gullies, b) to assess the factors determining the differentiation of vegetation in the gullies with particular consideration of the role of snow patches, and c) to present the similarities and the differences of relations between plant species composition and thickness and duration of snow patches existing in the gullies and in their vicinities.The studies have been carried out in the Polish part of Tatra Mountains (19[degrees]45[minutes]36[second] - 20[degrees]08[minutes]00[second] E and 49[degrees]10[minutes]42[second]-49[degrees]20[minutes]05[second] N), in two nival gullies, located above the upper timberline (i. e. 1500 m a.s.l) . The coverage of each plant species was correlated with the thickness of a snow patch on the basis of the sample plots of 0.25 m^2 (n = 889), located along the vertical transects in the gullies. The relations between variables were established based on the Spearman rank correlation analysis. In order to present the general character of relations between the features analysed the PCA method was applied. The differentiation of vegetation reflects the habitat conditions, which result from the terrain topography, morphometry of the relief forms, as well as from the thickness and duration of the snow patch. In the nival niches there are the species which positively or negatively correlate with the snow patch thickness. It is manifested through the decrease in the number of species as the snow thickness increases. Two species, Luzula alpino-pilosa (Chaix) Breistr. and Festuca picta Kit., can be accepted as indicators of the sites with the long persistent snow cover. The negative correlation of the plant species coverage with the snow patch thickness is not so unambiguous, since the role of the snow patch depends upon the duration of its persistence. The study showed the effect of factors featuring the high-mountain vegetation at different spatial scale, i. e. according to altitude, local sites and micro-site factors connected with the place inside the gully with the snow patch.

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Leszek Starkel (1931–2021)

Rączkowska Zofia

Studia Geomorphologica Carpatho-Balcanica

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2022/2023

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Vol. 56/57

139--140