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Impact of climatic changes in the Late Pleistocene on migrations and extinction of mammals in Europe : four case studies

Baca M., Nadachowski A., Lipecki G., Mackiewicz P., Marciszak A., Popović D., Socha P., Stefaniak K., Wojtal P.

Geological Quarterly

2017

Vol. 61, No. 2

291--304

Climate changes that occurred during the Late Pleistocene had profound effects on the distribution of many plant and animal species and influenced the formation of contemporary faunas and floras of Europe. The course and mechanisms of responses of species to past climate changes are now being intensely studied by the use of direct radiocarbon dating and genetic analyses of fossil remains. Here, we review the advances in understanding these processes by the example of four mammal species: woolly mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius), cave bear (Ursus spelaeus s.l.), saiga antelope (Saiga tatarica) and collared lemmings (Dicrostonyx ssp.). The cases discussed here as well as others show that migrations, range shifts and local extinctions were the main responses to climate changes and that the dynamics of these climate-driven processes were much more profound than was previously thought. Each species reacted in its individual manner, which depended on its biology and adaptation abilities to changing environmental and climatic conditions. The most severe changes in European ecosystems that affected the largest number of species took place around 33–31 ka BP, during the Last Glacial Maximum 22–19 ka BP and the Late Glacial warming 15–13 ka BP.

Excavation in the Deszczowa Cave (Kroczyckie Rocks, Częstochowa Upland, Central Poland)

Cyrek K., Nadachowski A., Madeyska T., Bocheński Z., Tomek T., Wojtal P., Miękinia B., Lipecki G., Garapich A., Rzebik-Kowalska B., Stworzewicz E., Wolsan M., Godawa J., Kościów R., Fostowicz-Frelik Ł., Szyndlar Z.

Folia Quaternaria

2000

nr 71

5-84

Interdisciplinary excavation undertaken in the Deszczowa Cave and the Upper Rock Shelter between 1989 and 1997 have yielded Palaeolithic artefacts and abundant vertebrate fauna. Sediment sequence consists of 11 layers marked from the bottom to the top I-XI. Layer IV probably represents the warmest period due to important amount of organic carbon, phosphates and iron compounds. Generally, the lower part of the section (layers I-VI) could be correlated with the Early Vistulian and/or Interplenivistulian. Loess layer VIII originated during cold and dry period and it probably corresponds to the Upper Pleniglacial. The fossil fauna of snails and vertebrates belong to ca. 130 species. In the almost whole profile (except of layers X and XI), the most abundant are steppe-tundra species (65-76%) accompanied by forest faunas (especialy in layers VI and XI, 22% and 29%, respectively), and species connected with water or moist environments (10-23%). Three Middle Palaeolithic cultural horizons have been distinguished in layers IV-VI, Aurignacian assemblage in layer VIIa, Epigravettian one in layer VIIIa, and Late Palaeolithic or Early Mesolithic at the surface of the layer X.