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2 Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

2 2025

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Applying of zero residue level concept in integrated management of toxic and solid wastes as a sustainable approach

Hammed Anaheed Saad, Alsarayreh Alanood A., Abbas Mohammed Nsaif

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

2025

Vol. 26, iss. 1

353--378

This study aims to explore a dual-purpose approach for environmental and construction challenges by investigating the adsorption of Iron (III) from produced water using almond shells. Also, it seeks to provide an innovative solution by evaluating the potential of the adsorbent and its subsequent use as a sustainable additive in concrete. Employing simulating contaminated solutions, the operating parameters studied were iron concentration, pH, agitation speed, initial iron ion concentration, almond shell dose, treatment time and temperature. The obtained outcomes exhibited that the highest adsorption capacity and the iron recovery from aqueous solutions were 20.376 mg·g-1 and 96.52%, respectively. The results also indicated that the process obeyed the Langmuir and the intra-particle diffusion models with a correlation coefficient of 0.9999, according to the isothermal and kinetic studies, respectively. Thermodynamically, the adsorption was favorable randomness, endothermic and spontaneous, and was of the chemical type according to the enthalpy value. FTIR examination showed that the almond shells before adsorption possessed a number of functional groups, while the SEM test showed that the adsorption medium suffered significant changes as a result of treatment with solutions contaminated with iron. The surface area of virgin almond shells was 7.7 m2·g-1 and adsorption led to the accumulation of iron ions and reduced this area to less than 0.75 m2·g-1 after the end of treatment. The remnant Fe+3-almond shells was tested to use as a reinforcing material for concrete mixture of (4:2:1). The results showed that 2.8 wt.% was the best ratio and the compressive strength increased by more than 206% and 195% for the 7- and 28-days tested concrete cubes, respectively.

Adsorption of thallium using tangerine peels and exploitation from the waste in an eco-friendly manner

Jadooa Zainab Abbas, Alsarayreh Alanood A., Abbas Mohammed Nsaif

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

2025

Vol. 26, iss. 2

131--152

Heavy metals are classified as environmentally hazardous materials, due to their toxicity to humans and other living organisms. Given the involvement of these metals in various human activities, it has become necessary to include them within international and local standards, to ensure the safety of both humans and the environment. The present study aimed to achieve the sustainability principle by investigating the ability of tangerine peels, as a readily available and low-cost material, to remove the toxic element thallium from contaminated aqueous solutions. Batch adsorption technique was used at different design parameters of acidity, temperature, contact time, initial concentration, adsorption dose and agitation speed. The obtained results showed that tangerine peels have a remarkable ability to recover thallium (III) ions from polluted water with an efficiency of 82.4% and an adsorption capacity of approximately 2 mg.g-1 at initial concentration, adsorbent dosage, contact time, pH, agitation speed, and temperature of 80 ppm, 4.5 g, 120 min, 6, 350 rpm, and 25 °C, respectively. Morphological examinations indicated that the tangerine peels suffered from many changes due to thallium adsorption, as their surface area decreased by 83.5%, functional groups decreased significantly, and obvious changes in the surface structure occurred, as indicated by BET, FT-IR and SEM tests, respectively. The isothermal study showed that the best model to represent the experimental data is the Langmuir model, while the pseudo-second-order model is the closest to represent the results kinetically. Thermodynamically, adsorption is characterized as chemical, exothermic, and of decreasing randomness, in addition to being spontaneous at all studied temperatures. For the safe and comprehensive disposal of residual toxic waste, its use as a cheap and effective rodenticide has been studied, by mixing the waste at a rate of 10–25% with the diet used to feed laboratory rats. These residues caused mortality ranging from 50–100% of the animals exposed to the test in all experimental groups, which confirms the toxic effect of this metal and the necessity of providing effective and economical manners for getting rid of it.