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Hydraulic analysis of leakage from submarine pipe network

Li J. H., Fan Y. T.

Polish Maritime Research

2015

S 1

48--55

The leakage from submarine pipe network is investigated by a numerical model in this paper. A whole event including of the steady flow before the leakage, the transient flow during the leakage and the steady flow after the leakage is considered in the model. The numerical results of the discharge and the head compare with the theoretical solution under the condition of steady flow. Good agreement is obtained. The numerical results of the discharge and the head show that the discharge and the head in each pipe changes suddenly after the leakage occurring. The abrupt trend of the discharge in each pipe is not same completely. Some change upwards, while others downwards. However, the abrupt trend of the head is always downward. The effects of leakage discharge on the transient flow are also investigated. It is founded that the larger the leakage discharge, the more obvious the abrupt trend of the discharge and the head before or after the leakage is.

Thermal evolution of the morphology of Ni/Ge(111)-c(2 × 8) surface

Tomaszewska A., Li J. H., Huang X. L., Fu T. Y.

Materials Science Poland

2014

Vol. 32, No. 4

641--647

The thermal evolution of the interface formed by room temperature (RT) deposition of Ni atoms (coverage 0.1, 0.5, 1.2 ML) onto a Ge(111)-c(2 × 8) surface has been studied with the use of scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). Atomically resolved STM images revealed that, at RT, the boundaries between the different c(2 × 8) domains acted as nucleation sites for Ni atoms. After annealing the surface with deposited material at 473 to 673 K the formation of nano-sized islands of NixGey compounds was observed. In addition, the occurrence of ring-like structures was recorded. Based on the dual-polarity images the latter were assigned to Ni atoms adsorbed on Ge adatoms.