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The combination of soil magnetometry with portable XRF spectroscopy as an effective tool for the assessment of sources of trace elements in topsoil

Magiera Tadeusz, Wawer-Liszka Małgorzata

Geology, Geophysics and Environment

2025

Vol. 51, no. 2

133--148 + Suplement

The origin of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) may influence their persistence, mobility and determine the extent to which they pose a threat to the soil environment. Therefore, the research objective of this study was to obtain information on the origin of nine PTEs present in the soil at two Natura 2000 protected areas. The second objective was to test the usability of three popular soil indices in assessing soil pollution in the study area. The research was carried out in two forested areas belonging to the Natura 2000 network of European protected areas, located in the Cieszyn region (southern Poland) on the Polish-Czech border. The research involved the analysis of the distribution of elements in topsoil cores (to 30 cm depth), based on high-resolution measurements obtained from a combination of soil magnetometry and portable XRF spectrometer (pXRF). Measurement of the vertical distribution of volume magnetic susceptibility (κ) along the core was performed using a Bartington MS2C sensor and the analysis of PTE contents using an Explorer 7000 XRF spectrometer. Based on the obtained results, three popular geochemical indices of soil contamination with metals and metalloids were calculated: geo-accumulation index (Igeo), single pollution index (PI), and enrichment index (EF). Research has shown that the use of a pXRF spectrometer allows for the assessment of the distribution of PTEs in the soil profile with high accuracy, as well as a precise determination of the source of these elements and tracking the migration of pollutants deep into the soil profile. The peak of magnetic susceptibility values in the upper part of the profile strongly correlated with the contents of Pb, As and Zn, which confirmed the anthropogenic origin of these PTEs in the soil in both study areas. The distribution pattern of most of the remaining studied elements (Ti, V, Cr, Co, and Ni) in the soil profile and the analysis of geochemical indicators (Igeo, PI and EF) indicated their lithogenic and/or pedogenic origin. The use of a pXRF spectrometer allows the assessment of the distribution of PTEs in the soil profile with high measurement resolution and enables precise determination of the source of elements, tracking the migration of pollutants down the soil profile. The combination of soil magnetometry and pXRF, supported by the analysis of geochemical indicators, has proven to be a very effective tool in examining soil contamination and environmental site assessment.

Influence of road surface type on the magnetic susceptibility and elemental composition of road dust

Rachwał Marzena, Penkała Magdalena, Rogula-Kozłowska Wioletta, Wawer-Liszka Małgorzata, Łukaszek-Chmielewska Aneta, Rakowska Joanna

Archives of Environmental Protection

2024

Vol. 50, no. 4

135--146

The aim of the study was to determine the effect of the type of road surface (asphalt and concrete) and the presence of noise barriers (acoustic screens) on the magnetic susceptibility and chemical composition of road dust collected from national roads and motorways in central and southern Poland. Four roads with asphalt surfaces and four with concrete surfaces were selected for the study. Samples were taken at three control points: in the space between noise barriers, in the space without barriers and at road exits. Magnetic susceptibility measurements and elemental composition analysis (using an energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometer) were carried out. The results showed high variability with no clear differences between samples taken from asphalt and concrete roads. Magnetic susceptibility values were higher for road dust taken from asphalt pavements near noise barriers and motorway exits, while for open space samples the susceptibility values were about 1.3 times higher for dust from concrete pavements. A similar relationship was observed for the elemental composition. The results showed no clear differences between samples taken from asphalt and concrete roads. The location of the sampling point had a greater influence on the results: the surface of noise barriers, open spaces or motorway exits. Calculated enrichment factors indicated an extremely high enrichment of dust in elements such as Cr, Cu and Zn, a very high enrichment in Pb only for dust collected at motorway exits, and a significant and moderate enrichment in other elements

Celem badań było określenie wpływu rodzaju nawierzchni drogowej (asfaltowej i betonowej) oraz obecności ekranów akustycznych na podatność magnetyczną i skład chemiczny pyłu drogowego pobranego z dróg krajowych i autostrad w centralnej i południowej Polsce. Do badań wybrano cztery drogi o nawierzchni asfaltowej i cztery o nawierzchni betonowej. Próbki pobrano w trzech punktach kontrolnych: w przestrzeni między ekranami dźwiękochłonnymi, w przestrzeni bez ekranów oraz na zjazdach z drogi. Przeprowadzono pomiary podatności magnetycznej i analizę składu pierwiastkowego (z wykorzystaniem spektrometru fluorescencji rentgenowskiej z dyspersją energii). Wyniki badań wykazały dużą zmienność przy braku wyraźnych różnic między próbkami pobranymi z dróg asfaltowych i betonowych. Wartości podatności magnetycznej były wyższe dla pyłu drogowego pobranego z nawierzchni asfaltowych w pobliżu ekranów akustycznych i zjazdów z autostrad, natomiast w przypadku próbek z przestrzeni otwartej wartości podatności były około 1,3 razy wyższe dla pyłu z nawierzchni betonowych. Podobną zależność zaobserwowano w przypadku składu pierwiastkowego. Uzyskane wyniki nie wykazały wyraźnych różnic pomiędzy próbkami pobranymi z dróg asfaltowych i betonowych. Większy wpływ na wyniki miała lokalizacja miejsca poboru próbek: przestrzeń między ekranami akustycznymi, wolna przestrzeń lub zjazdy z autostrady. Obliczone współczynniki wzbogacenia wskazały na ekstremalnie wysokie wzbogacenie pyłu w takie pierwiastki jak Cr, Cu i Zn, bardzo wysokie wzbogacenie w Pb tylko dla pyłu pobranego na zjazdach z autostrady oraz znaczące i umiarkowane wzbogacenie w pozostałe pierwiastki.