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Dojrzałość materii organicznej w odmianach litologicznych łupku miedzionośnego NE części złoża Rudna : związek z mineralizacją kruszcową oraz przejawami obecności ciekłych węglowodorów

Kleczyński Piotr, Nejbert Krzysztof, Kaczmarek Wojciech

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2023

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Vol. 71, nr 4

197--206

EN

Rock samples collected from Kupferschiefer deposits show strong lithological diversity in the vertical section. The content of organic matter (OM) gradually decreases towards the top of the shale section. The pore spaces of the Kupferschiefer contain solid bitumens. We also found fluid inclusions with liquid hydrocarbons in calcite and dolomite that form paragenetic associations with Cu-Ag minerals. The degree of maturity of OM in the shale samples is insufficient to generate liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons; therefore, the genesis of local accumulations of these hydrocarbons is probably related to the migration of hydrothermal solutions responsible for the origin of the Cu-Ag ores. As a potential source of liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons can be indicated strongly thermally altered Lower Carboniferous deposits and/or locally thermally altered Lower Zechstein formations rich in OM, strongly affected by oxidizing hydrothermal solutions genetically related to the development of the Rote Fäule facies.

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U-Pb and K-Ar geochronology of the subvolcanic rock pebbles from the Cretaceous and Paleogene gravelstones and conglomerates of the Pieniny Klippen Belt (Carpathians; Poland, Slovakia) – relevance for tectonic evolution and palaeogeography

Poprawa Paweł, Krobicki Michał, Nejbert Krzysztof, Krzemińska Ewa, Armstrong Richard, Pecskay Zoltan

Geotourism / Geoturystyka

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2023

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nr 1-2 (72-73)

58--58

EN

In the Pieniny Klippen Belt (PKB), the Cretaceous and Paleogene conglomerates and cohesive debrites commonly contain pebbles and blocks of the subvolcanic rocks among other, mainly sedimentary rocks (e.g. multicoloured sandstones, oolitic limestones, dark bivalve coquinas, dolostones, etc.). This detritus was interpreted as derived from the Andrusov Ridge located south of the PKB basin (Birkenmajer, 1988). Age of these subvolcanic rocks, regarded to represent subduction-related igneous activity, was previously constrained by K-Ar whole rock dating as c. 140–90 Ma, leading to suggestion that during Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous PKB basin developed on oceanic lithosphere, subducted during at the end of Early Cretaceous (Birkenmajer, 1988). Within this study, the geochemical composition, the K-Ar whole rock age and the U-Pb zircon ages of the above mentioned subvolcanic rocks were studied. The pebbles are well rounded. They are represented by granitic and subvolcanic andesitic-type rocks (mainly andesite, basaltic andesite, basaltic trachyandesite, trachyandesite and rhyolitic pebbles, and rare dacite, tephrite, trachybasaltic and basaltic pebbles). Domination of andesitic pebbles, bimodal spectrum of volcanic rocks with high content of SiO2 (rhyolites, dacites) and Na2O and K2O within mafic and transitional ones is observed. Their petrographic character and geochemical analysis of concentration of rare elements with MgO > 2% ratio and La/Yb 4–35, Sc/Ni < 1.5, Sr/Y < 20, Ta/Yb > 0.1, Th/Yb > 1 values, indicate magmatic island arc of active continental margin similar to Andean-type subduction regime. The K-Ar whole rock dating was performed for 17 samples. The obtained ages cover mainly the Early Cretaceous time span, with the most data representing the Barremian-Albian, therefore are coherent with Birkenmajer (1988) results. However, the U-Pb SHRIMP zircon dating reveled different results. Most of the analyzed subvolcanic rock samples (9) give ages in the narrow range of c. 270–266 Ma. The ages are based on concordant data with amount of measured point in a range of 20–30, and are characterized by low error bars, usually lower than ±2 Ma. In addition, one sample of subvolcanic rock gave lower quality results, with a few youngest, partly concordant, zircons grains giving the age of 251.0 Ma ±8.5 Ma. Moreover, one sample of orthogenesis was analyzed, which is regarded to represent crust on which the volcanic arc developed. In this case the U-Pb SHRIMP zircon dating result is 493.9 Ma ±4.1 Ma. We regard these pebbles/blocks to be derived from the Inner Carpathians, assuming therefore lack of the Andrusov Ridge located south of the PKB basin (comp. Plašienka, 2018). The results of K-Ar whole rock dating is representative for intensive diagenetic overprint, rather than age of the rock. The U-Pb data clearly indicate, that subduction-related magmatic arc developed during the middle Permian (Guadalupian). This follows, that the oceanic crust was of the middle Permian or older age, and thus cannot be related to the Jurassic-Early Cretaceous development of the PKB basin. The magmatic arc was presumably connected with southern margin of Laurusia and subduction of oceanic crust of the Paleotethys (proto-Vardar Ocean?).

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Hydrothermal ore mineralization from the Polish part of the Tatra Mts., Central Western Carpathians

Sitarz Magdalena, Gołębiowska Bożena, Nejbert Krzysztof, Dimitrova Dimitrina, Milovský Ratislav

Geology, Geophysics and Environment

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2021

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Vol. 47, no. 3

159--179

EN

Several areas with hydrothermal ore mineralization are present in the Polish part of the Western Tatra Mts. Massive and disseminated sulfides, mainly minerals from the tetrahedrite group and chalcopyrite, fill quartz veins accompanied by siderite, dolomite and baryte – many of these were mined between the 16th and 18th century. This paper presents information on the mineralogy of the common sulfides and the preliminary studies of both the isotopic composition of sulfur in tetrahedrite as well as the origin of hydrothermal fluids. The most common primary sulfide minerals in the ores are tetrahedrite-(Zn) and tetrahedrite-(Fe) corresponding to Zn ranges from 1.83 to 5.87 wt.% (0.47–1.44 apfu), and Fe from 1.63 to 5.05 wt.% (0.48–1.52 apfu). The substitution of As for Sb shows maximum As content of 7.25 wt.% (1.588 apfu) which corresponds to the Sb/(Sb+As) = 0.60. Both varieties show substitutions of Bi and Hg, up 0.6 wt.% (0.049 apfu) and 0.96 wt.% (0.081 apfu), respectively, and content of trace elements: Co (max. 976 ppm), Cd (max. 735 ppm), In (max. 14 ppm). Chalcopyrite, pyrite, and galena show compositions close to the ideal formula. Differences in the content of trace elements in the studied tetrahedrite and chalcopyrite were explained by element partitioning between these minerals. The distributions of In, Ga and Sn in the studied minerals indicate that the mineralization was formed at low temperature and pressure. The homogenization temperature of the primary inclusions in quartz in the range of 120–174°C indicate the origin of mineralization in low temperature stage from low salinity fluids (up to 17.92 wt.% NaCl eq.). Stable δ34S isotopes in minerals of the tetrahedrite group suggest that the igneous fluids might be one of the sources from which ores were crystallized.

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Chevkinite-group minerals in Poland

Nejbert Krzysztof, Bagiński Bogusław, Kotowski Jakub, Jokubauskas Petras, Jurewicz Edyta, Macdonald Ray

Acta Geologica Polonica

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2020

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Vol. 70, no. 1

97--106

EN

The chevkinite group of minerals are REE,Ti-silicates increasingly recognized as widespread accessory phases in a wide range of igneous and metamorphic parageneses. Members of the group are here recorded from five localities in Poland: a two-pyroxene andesite from the Kłodzko-Złoty Stok intrusion, a trachyandesite intrusion north of the Pieniny Mountains, a rapakivi-type granite from the Krasnopol intrusion, an anorthosite from the Suwałki Anorthosite Massif, and nepheline syenite from the Ełk syenite massif. Specific members found are chevkinite-(Ce), perrierite-(Ce) and, potentially, the Al-dominant analogue of perrierite-(Ce). The case is made that chevkinite-group minerals will, through systematic investigation, be found in a wide range of Polish igneous and metamorphic rocks.

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Copper sulphosalts in early metallurgy (2600-1900 BC) - chemical-mineralogical investigation of artefacts from southern Poland

Bugaj Urszula, Nejbert Krzysztof, Ilnicki Sławomir, Wieciński Piotr, Onyszczuk Tomasz, Garbacz Halina, Włodarczak Piotr

Geological Quarterly

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2019

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Vol. 63, No. 2

302--318

EN

We describe a methodology of investigation of both Cu metal matrix and its mineral inclusions that aims at increasing the effectiveness of identifying the type of ore used in metal production. We point to sulphosalt ores as the main source of metal for the Final Neolithic/Early Bronze Age copper artefacts from southern Poland. The inclusions, rich in Ag, As, Sb and Sn, document the type of ore, regardless of the metallurgical process leading to depletion of As and Sb. The copper metal should contain neither Sb nor As, hence both of these elements, if originally present in ore, can be preserved only in inclusions. The concentrations of Ag, Sb, As and Sn in the artefacts investigated, the presence of inclusions, and their chemical composition, are the key indicators for the determination of the mineralogical composition of the original ores. Given the high concentrations of Sb, As and Ag in the Cu metal and mineralogy of the inclusions, the ore must have contained varying proportions of Ag-bearing tetrahedrite (Cu,Fe)12Sb4S13 and tennantite (Cu,Fe)12As4S13. Mineralogical compositions of the copper ores indicate the deposits in Slovakia (Spania Dolina) as the source of metal for the artefacts investigated. The results of Pb and Cu isotopic analyses carried out for this study support those conclusions.