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Zrekultywowane składowisko odpadów komunalnych jako potencjalne źródło metali ciężkich w glebach

Rolka E., Berk P., Klach-Chęcmanowska M., Kosiorek M., Żołnowski A. C.

Quarterly of Environmental Engineering and Design

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2018

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Vol. 169 (49)

93--108

PL

Celem pracy była ocena oddziaływania zrekultywowanego składowiska odpadów komunalnych w gm. Dywity (woj. warmińsko-mazurskie) na występowanie w glebach metali ciężkich. W ramach podjętych badań z czaszy składowiska i jego okolic pobrano 16 prób gleby. Próby pobierano zgodnie z kierunkami stron świata w odległości 5, 10 i 15 m od czaszy lub rowu opaskowego. W trakcie analiz laboratoryjnych oznaczono zawartość wybranych metali ciężkich (Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn, Pb, Cr, Ni, Co i Cd), zarówno ich form całkowitych i przyswajalnych. Uzyskane wyniki wskazują na duże zróżnicowanie zawartości pierwiastków w analizowanej glebie, co było zależne od badanego metalu jak również od lokalizacji miejsca poboru i odległości od składowiska. Największą koncentrację większości oznaczonych metali ciężkich wykazano w glebie pobranej po północnej stronie składowiska, zlokalizowanej przy wjeździe na teren badanego obiektu. Wykazano liczne ujemne zależności między zawartością metali ciężkich a wzrastającą odległością od składowiska. Pomimo tych obserwacji nie stwierdzono przekroczenia przyjętych norm (Dz. U. 2016 r. poz. 1395) w zakresie zanieczyszczenia gleby analizowanymi pierwiastkami śladowymi.

EN

The purpose of this study has been to evaluate the impact of a reclaimed municipal waste landfill, situated in the District of Dywity (the Province of Warmia and Mazury), on the presence of heavy metals in soils. To this aim, from the landfill cap and from the area adjacent to the landfill were taken 16 samples. Samples were collected according to the geographical directions, at a distance of 5, 10 and 15 m from the cap or from the drainage ditch. Laboratory analyses were performed to determine concentrations of selected heavy metals (Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn, Pb, Cr, Ni, Co and Cd), both as total amounts and available forms. The results show large variation in the content of the above elements in the analysed soil, which depended on a given metal as well as the location of a sampling site and distance to the landfill. The highest concentrations of most of the determined heavy metals were detected at the north side that is located at the entrance to the landfill premises. Numerous negative correlations were revealed between the increasing distance to the landfill and the content of certain heavy metals. Despite these observations, the binding standard values (Journal of Law from 2016, item 1395) with regard to soil contamination with the analysed trace elements were not exceeded.

2

The influence of different steering systems on a wheel slip

Stajnko D., Berk P., Mursec B., Vindis P.

Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering

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2012

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Vol. 55, nr 2

817--824

EN

Purpose: Modern and advanced mountain tractor allows four different modes of steering wheels: front wheels, back wheels, four wheels and crab steering. The current paper presents the impact of different ways of steering to control the slip in the work transverse on the steep hill slope (39.08%). Design/methodology/approach: For each mode of steering eight measurements were made; four measurements at a forecasted speed of 0.69 m/s and four measurements at a speed of 1.39 m/s. During the two of four measurements the travelling direction was from the left to the right, and vice versa. Findings: The measured slip depended significantly on the steering system, while the driving direction did not cause any differences in the slip. Research limitations/implications: The experiment results presented herein can be applied only with the similar mountain tractors, which allows four different modes of steering wheels. Additional limitation represents the working polygon and the growing conditions of grass. Practical implications: The crab - steering resulted in the smallest slip (5.96%) at the average driving speed of 1.08 m/s. When steering with all four wheels, the slip at the average speed of 1.03 m/s increased to 7.27%. The biggest slip was measured when steering with only front wheels was applied. In this case the slip was 8.07% at the average speed of 1.01 m/s. Originality/value: The findings from our experiments indicated that it is very useful to have all wheels steering tractor when working on step slope, because it is grass friendly, offers bigger agility of tractor and improve the safety of the operator.

3

Synthesis water level control by fuzzy logic

Berk P., Stajnko D., Vindis P., Mursec B., Lakota M.

Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering

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2011

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Vol. 45, nr 2

204--210

EN

Purpose: This paper focuses on evolving of two types fuzzy and classical PID liquid level controller and examining whether they are better able to handle modelling uncertainties. A two stage strategy is employed to design the synthesis fuzzy and classical PID controller with the process of the first and second order and implements disorder (quadratic function). Design/methodology/approach: The synthesis of fuzzy and classical PID liquid level controller was realized with the HP laptop 6830s Compaq NA779ES, software Matlab/Simulink 2008b, FIS (Fuzzy Inference System) soft logical tool, input-output unit 500 Dragon Rider and ultrasonic sensor. Using the simulation program Matlab/Simulink/FIS we simulate the operation of fuzzy and classical controller in the liquid level regulating cycle and made a comparison between fuzzy and classical controller functioning. Findings: From the responses to step fuzzy and classical controller for first-order process shows that the actual value of the controlled variable takes the value one. Fuzzy and classical PID controller does not allow control derogation, which is also inappropriate for fuzzy and classical control cycle with incorporating disturbance. Classical PID controller in the first-order process provides short-term regulation, such as fuzzy PID controller. In fuzzy control cycle with fuzzy PID controller and incorporating disturbance in the process of second-order the control cycle is stable and at certain predetermined parameters (integral gain) a control does not allow deviations. Research limitations/implications: In future research, the robustness of the fuzzy logic controller will be investigated in more details. Practical implications: Using fuzzy liquid level controller can reduce power consumption by 25%. Originality/value: Fuzzy logic controller is useful in applications of nonlinear static characteristic, where classical methods with usually classical PID controllers cannot be a satisfactory outcome.