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Conflicts of the 21st century based on multidimensional warfare : “hybrid warfare”, disinformation and manipulation

Araźna Marzena

Security and Defence Quarterly

2015

Vol. 8, No. 3

103--129

According to H. Schiller, manipulation is a tool of conquest. The oldest forms of manipulation were ideologies. Fabrice d’Almeida referred to manipulation appearing in the eighteenth century, but, according to Schiller, it appeared in the nineteenth century with the discountenance of physical oppression. The use of manipulation as a tool for fighting intensified after 1945. Nowadays, manipulation has changed when it comes to factors such as the strength of impact, range, and multitude. An important factor influencing the use of manipulation is modern technology. New environmental conditions influence the character and typology of conflicts. Changes in the environmental conditions enlarge the field of possible threats. Nowadays, we can observe that contemporary conflicts have a large complex scale, which has been extended by globalisation, the information age, advanced technologies and a new division of power in the world. Multidimensional methods of conducting modern warfare pose a threat, not only to soldiers, but also to civilians and societies as the whole. “Hybrid warfare” presents a unique combination of threats: conventional military operations, asymmetric warfare, irregular operations, terrorism, cyber threats and other tactics. “Hybrid warfare”, disinformation and manipulation blur the term of war and make it imprecise in the field of international law. The described activities require a multidimensional approach from all countries.

The Arab Spring and its influence on European Union Policy

Araźna Marzena

Security and Defence Quarterly

2014

Vol. 3, No. 2

81--96

The scale of incidents related to Arab Awaking and the consequences of movement in MENA region surprised the European Union and international community. However, the report of the Arab Human Development Report predicted in 2009 that the Arab world will face security challenges associated with growing population, which can lead to internal tensions between different communities. The Arab Spring has contributed to the creation of new political, economic and social realities which forced EU to take necessary action to adapt to this situation. Significant efforts were taken according to financial support which was delivered in increased budgets of European Neighborhood Policy projects, The European Investment Bank (EIB), the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD). Due to the fact of immigration from region increases anxiety on the South of EU. In order to prevent illegal border crossing EU established Joint Operation Hermes 2011 to resolve problem. However the Tunisami consequences are still considered as a threat to European Union security.