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Emission Measurements of Geogenic Greenhouse Gases in the Area of “Pusty Las” Abandoned Oilfield (Polish Outer Carpathians)

Guzy P., Pietrzycki D., Świerczewska A., Sechman H., Twaróg A., Góra A.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2017

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Vol. 18, nr 4

100--109

EN

The Carpathians may play a significant role as a supplier of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere. Unfortunately, most of the discovered oil and gas deposits are recently only historical objects. An example is the Sękowa-Ropica Górna-Siary oil deposit located in the marginal part of the Magura Nappe where oil had been extracted in dug wells until the mid XX century. One of such extraction sites is the “Pusty Las” oilfield. In that area, 10 methane and carbon dioxide emission measurement sites were located, among which 4 in dried dug wells and 6 in dig wells still filled with oil and/or water. Dynamics of methane and carbon dioxide concentration changes were measured with the modified static chambers method. Gas samples were collected immediately after the installation of the chamber and again, after 5 and 10 minutes. In the case of reclaimed or dry dug wells, static chamber was installed directly at the ground surface. In wells still filled with oil and/or water the chamber was equipped with an “apron” mounted on special sticks. The dynamics of concentrations changes varied from -0.871 to 119.924 ppm∙min-1 for methane and from -0.005 to 0.053% obj∙min-1 for carbon dioxide. Average methane emission was 1.9 g∙m-2∙d-1 and that of carbon dioxide was 26.95 g∙-2∙d-1. The measurements revealed that an abandoned oil field supplies significant amounts of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere although the emission of methane is lower than that measured e.g. in mud volcanoes located in various parts of the world.

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Charakterystyka wybranych właściwości gleb i zbiorowisk roślinnych na terenach rekultywowanych i pozostawionych sukcesji po byłej Kopalni Siarki „Grzybów”

Krzaklewski W., Pietrzykowski M., Likus J., Pająk M., Twaróg A.

Zeszyty Naukowe. Inżynieria Środowiska / Uniwersytet Zielonogórski

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2016

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nr 161 (41)

78--86

PL

Badano gleby i roślinność na terenach zrekultywowanych i pozostawionych sukcesji na obszarach poeksploatacyjnych Kopalni Siarki „Grzybów”. Nie stwierdzono fitotoksycznego zasiarczenia gleb. Zbiorowiska obydwu kategorii powierzchni różnił skład i budowa. Zbiorowiska z sukcesji, ze względu na większą różnorodność, powinny stanowić uzupełnienie rekultywacji leśnej.

EN

The soil and vegetation in area reclaimed and left the succession were re-searched on the post-mining areas KS Grzybów. There was not detected the phytotoxic sulfation of soils. Plant communities composition were different for both categories. The communities appeared in the way of succession should be complementary in the forest reclamation process because of their bigger diversity.

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Wstępna analiza wyników powierzchniowych badań geochemicznych w rejonie Krosno – Besko (koncesja PGNiG S.A.: „Sobniów – Kombornia – Rogi”)

Guzy P., Twaróg A., Sechman H., Dzieniewicz M.

Prace Naukowe Instytutu Nafty i Gazu

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2016

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nr 209 wyd. konferencyjne

133--136

PL

W pracy przedstawiono wstępną analizę statystyczną wyników powierzchniowych badań geochemicznych wykonanych „metodą gazu wolnego” w rejonie Krosno – Besko we wschodniej części Karpat Zewnętrznych. Badania wykonano wzdłuż 9 profili pomiarowych. Ogółem pobrano 984 próbki gazu wolnego. W analizowanych próbkach stężenia metanu, wyższych alkanów oraz gazowych alkenów dochodziły odpowiednio do 2100 ppm, 15,7 ppm i 8,1 ppm. Ogółem na analizowanym obszarze stwierdzono anomalne stężenia sumy alkanów C2-C5 (pow. 3σ) w 243 punktach pomiarowych, tworzących 55 stref o zasięgu od 200 m do kilku kilometrów. Strefy te, przedstawione na tle mapy geologicznej, wskazują na obecność głównie akumulacji ropnych i ropno-kondensatowych, położonych prawdopodobnie na różnych głębokościach. Poza tym badania potwierdziły obecność rozpoznanej akumulacji węglowodorów – złoża Iwonicz – Rymanów. Rozmieszczenie powierzchniowych anomalii geochemicznych jest również determinowane tektoniką obszaru.

EN

The paper presents the initial statistical analysis of surface geochemical surveys carried out using “free gas method” in Krosno – Besko area in the eastern part of the Outer Carpathians. The surveys were performed along 9 measurement profiles. A total of 984 samples of free gas were collected. In the analyzed samples, the concentrations of methane, higher alkanes and gaseous alkenes reached 2100 ppm, 15.7 ppm and 8.1 ppm, respectively. In total, in the analyzed area there were anomalous concentrations of total C2-C5 alkanes (area of 3s) in 243 measurement points, comprising 55 zones ranging from 200 m to a few km. These zones, presented against the geological map, indicate the presence of mainly oil and oil/condensate accumulations, probably located at different depths. In addition, the surveys confirmed the presence of recognized accumulation of hydrocarbons – Iwonicz – Rymanów deposits. The distribution of surface geochemical anomalies is also determined by tectonics of the area.

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Measurement of methane flux in the selected area of the Polish Outer Carpathians – preliminary research

Twaróg A., Guzy P., Sechman H.

Geology, Geophysics and Environment

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2016

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Vol. 42, no. 1

135--136

EN

Methane emissions associated with the hydrocarbon-generation process occurring in sedimentary basins are considered to be one of two types of geologic sources of methane emissions to the atmosphere. Current methane emissions releasing from geological sources amount 45–60 Tg CH 4 yr –1. The measured values of flux migrating from soil into the atmosphere are influenced by a series of factors, e.g. porosity and permeability of overlying layers, occurrence of cracks and faults, atmospheric pressure, seasonal temperature fluctuations and presence of methanotrophic bacteria. The latter, as a result of methane consumption, may trigger negative flux values (Etiope 2015). Previously, the methane emission measurements in the Polish Outer Carpathians were carried out with a method of static chambers (Sechman & Dzieniewicz 2009). The studies presented in the paper consisted in initial methane emission measurements by flux meter. Their purpose was to examine distribution of methane fluxes on the land surface, as well as change in emission along with depth, omitting the ‘screening’ near-surface zone. The studies were carried out in a small area of the Carpathian petroleum oil region, nearby Rymanów, between October and December 2015. Measurement of the methane fluxes were performed with application of a portable flux meter (West System 2012). The device performs one measurement per second on average, recording concentration changes in time (ppm/s). Average measurement time was 360 seconds. When a high methane concentration was registered, gas samples were collected from the accumulation chamber and directed to a detailed chromatographic analysis (field sampling and analytical procedure – see Sechman & Dzieniewicz 2009). There were 137 measurements taken on 87 stands in total, recording emission from the land surface, and emission with application of 1-m deep holes – in order to omit the “screening” near-surface zone (Sechman & Dzieniewicz 2009). The emission was recorded along the 1000- m long profile, where samples of soil gas were collected previously, and around the drill holes covered with soil. Furthermore, during the process of drilling 4 boreholes, there were CH 4 test emission measurements taken examining change in methane flux with depth (to 10 m). In case of the KB-7 borehole, measurements were taken 1 and 22 days after the drilling. The natural emission was recorded on 70 measuring stations. The flux was identified only in 30% of the performed measurements. Negative emission was predominant within the examined area (68% of all measurements), with an average value of −3.8 mg∙m −2 ∙d −1. Average value of the positive flux reached 3 mg∙m −2 ∙d −1. Range of the measured flux values is comprised within the scope from −5.2 mg∙m −2 ∙d −1 to 14.9 mg∙m −2 ∙d −1. Emission measurements with the additional holes were carried out at 37 positions. Fluxes with positive values were identified in 6 of them, while the negative values were recorded in 4. Range of the measured flux values with the additional hole was from −6.4 mg∙m −2 ∙d −1 to 2 mg∙m −2 ∙d −1 ; average negative and positive flux values are as follows, respectively: −2.3 mg∙m −2 ∙d −1 and 1.3 mg∙m −2 ∙d −1. Within the examined area, methane emission from the land surface, and to the depth of 1 m, was identified only in 30% of measurements. The measurements are characterized by low values, from −6.4 mg∙m −2 ∙d −1 to 14.9 mg∙m −2 ∙d −1. Results of test emission measurements recorded in subsequently drilled depth intervals, performed for 4 drilling boreholes. For the KB-6, KB-7, KB-8 and KB-10 boreholes, average values of methane emission from subsequent depth intervals were as follows, respectively: 49.2, 68.6, 3.5 and 1.5 mg∙m −2 ∙d −1. These results are higher than values of natural emission measured on the land surface or with application of holes to 1 m. The highest emission values were recorded for the KB-7 borehole. A detailed distribution of CH 4 flux values was correlated with a lithology and molecular composition of gas collected from the accumulation chamber in three depth intervals (3.5 m, 5.5 m and 10 m). Results of the gas molecular analysis prove that the source of methane emission is characterized by both microbial and endogenous origin. It is assumed that occurrence of components heavier than methane in the samples, arises from their depth origin (Saunders et al. 1991). An increase of methane concentration in intervals related to occurrence of shales – may suggest its recent origin. It also needs to be noticed that C 1 /C 2 ratio values (from 207 to 807) increase along with depth, what may prove prevailing share of microbial methane. When 24 hours passed after drilling the KB-7 borehole, the emission value dropped to 0.6 mg∙m −2 ∙d −1, and after about three weeks, during an hourly emission measurement, a positive flux of 0.1 mg∙m −2 ∙d −1 was observed in time 0–470 second and a negative flux of −0.05 mg∙m −2 ∙d −1 was observed in time 480–2660 second. Furthermore, small concentrations of ethane (0.006 ppm) and ethylene (0.005 ppm) were identified in gas sample collected after 22 days. The emissions study conducted in the Rymanów area (Outer Carpathians) indicates the mixed source of methane. In order to determine the detailed methane source, it would be necessary to perform an analysis of the carbon isotopic composition in the samples taken. The low emission values measured on the land surface results from the fact that the emissions were suppressed by the sealing overburden layer. The measurements taken 1 day and then 22 days after drilling – in the KB-7 stabilized borehole, show a decline in emissions value. This may result from an insignificant inflow of hydrocarbons from the depth, bacterial oxidation of these hydrocarbons, and from the influx of air to the borehole.

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Optymalizacja techniki dozowania próbki gazu do przenośnego analizatora lotnych substancji organicznych MicroFID

Twaróg A., Guzy P., Sechman H.

Wiadomości Naftowe i Gazownicze

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2015

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R. 18, Nr 6 (206)

9--13

PL

Szeroko wykorzystywana w geochemii powierzchniowej „metoda gazu wolnego”, opiera się na analizie węglowodorów w próbce gazowej zassanej z gleby. Optymalna objętość próbki wynosząca 100 ml nie zawsze jest możliwa do pobrania z uwagi na zmienność utworów przypowierzchniowych. Bardzo często otrzymujemy dużo mniejsze objętości pobranych próbek. Zróżnicowana ich objętość może być parametrem wpływającym na wielkości rejestrowanych stężeń sumy węglowodorów. Tego typu pomiary wykonywane są w terenie z zastosowaniem przenośnego analizatora MicroFID. W związku z tym wykonano badania, których celem było określenie wpływu objętości próbki gazu, dozowanej do analizatora MicroFID na końcowy wynik pomierzonego stężenia metanu. Badania polegały na kilkukrotnym wykonaniu pomiarów stężeń metanu w próbkach gazu o objętościach: 50, 20, 10 i 5 ml pobieranych z worków tedlarowych i dozowanych do analizatora za pomocą strzykawki. Badania wykazały, że wartości stężeń pomierzone w próbkach dozowanych z worka tedlarowego są wyższe niż te pomierzone w próbkach dozowanych strzykawką. Główną przyczyną błędów jest mieszanie się próbki z powietrzem zasysanym z otoczenia. Dozując małe objętości gazu (np. 5 ml, 10 ml) popełniany błąd ma w przybliżeniu wartość stałą.

EN

‘The free gas method’, a widely applied method in surface geochemistry, is based on the analysis of hydrocarbons in a gas sample sucked from the soil. The optimal volume of the sample amounting for 100 ml is not always possible to collect due to the changeability of sub-soil creations. We very often receive much smaller volumes of the collected samples. Their varied volume might be the decisive parameter determining the credibility of the obtained results. It refers to the measurements of the total amount of hydrocarbons performed in the field by the means of MicroFID analyzer. Therefore, a study was conducted whose aim was to determine the influence of the volume of the gas sample, dosed to MicroFID analyzer, on the final result of the measured methane concentration. The study consisted in the performance of several measurements of methane concentration in gas samples whose volumes amounted for: 50, 20, 10 and 5 ml collected from tedlar bags and dosed to the analyzer with the syringe. The study has shown that the concentration values measured directly from the bag are higher than the ones measured in the samples dozed with the syringe. The main reasons for the errors is blending of the sample with the air sucked from the surroundings. By dosing small gas volumes (e.g. 5 ml, 10 ml) the error which is made is approximately of constant value.