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The importance of geological conditions for the formation of past thermokarst closed depressions in the loess areas of eastern Poland

Kołodyńska-Gawrysiak R., Harasimiuk M., Chabudziński Ł., Jezierski W.

Geological Quarterly

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2018

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Vol. 62, No. 3

685--704

EN

Closed depressions (CDs) are common forms occurring in the European loess belt. So far, investigations of CDs in Europe have suggested various natural or/and anthropogenic processes leading to their formation. The origins of CDs occurring in the loess areas of Poland have been the subject of few investigations, and their results have not clarified the problem. Most frequently, the age of CDs is linked with the post-glacial period, or the final stages of the formation of the loess cover. The investigations of CDs carried out in eastern Poland (Nałęczów Plateau) have so far revealed some patterns with regard to the morphometric characteristics and distribution of CDs on the regional scale. They also suggest the impact of thermokarst processes on the formation of the CDs. Five main lithogenetic types of sediment underlying the loess cover have been documented: glacial tills, clay and clayey loams, patches of glacial tills and sandy deposits, sands with gravels, and the bedrock. The relief under the loess cover has also been documented. The types of sediment as well as the relief under the loess cover have an impact on local differences of water content in the loess sediments. It was found that the variatiability of the geological conditions in the Nałęczów Plateau in the Pleistocene had an impact on the local variation of the ice content in the upper part of the former permafrost. This led to local predispositions for the development of thermokarst CDs during the Last Glacial. Areas with a high density of CDs have less permeable sediments (glacial tills, clay and clayey loams) and small relative heights under the loess cover. In the Pleistocene, these areas had higher ice content in the upper part of the permafrost. A model of thermokarst CDs development in the loess areas in eastern Poland is proposed. The model shows that the distribution and size of thermokarst CDs depends on the thickness of the loess cover as well as the types and relief of sediments underlying the loess. The development of thermokarst in the region studied may have consisted of multiple stages resulting in superimposed CDs. Between two and four stages of thermokarst CDs development can be distinguished on the Nałęczów Plateau. The two main stages occurred in MIS 4/3 (~58 ka or 55-50 ka Oerel and Glinde interstadials) and MIS 2/1 (~12 ka). These landforms may have developed also during the Denekamp Interstadial (32-28 ka) and ~15 ka. The present investigations indicate significant morphogenetic effects of permafrost melting on the contemporary relief of the loess areas.

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Przestrzenne związki pomiędzy rozmieszczeniem najwydajniejszych źródeł a neotektoniką w zlewni Białej Łady na Roztoczu Gorajskim (środkowo-wschodnia Polska)

Chabudziński Ł., Brzezińska-Wójcik T.

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2017

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Vol. 65, nr 11/2

1184--1188

EN

Considerations of the relationships between the groundwater systems and neotectonics in the Roztocze region have been first undertaken by J. Malinowski in the 1970s. Until now, no research results have supported or challenged the hypothesis proposed by this author. Therefore, this paper is an attempt to present the results of a detailed analysis of the relationships between the distribution of springs characterised by the highest discharge rates and neotectonics. The study area covered the Roztocze part of the Biała Łada catchment, which has been subjected to detailed hydrogeological and hydrological investigations since the 1960s. The study was based on spatial data concerning the distribution of springs and information about the discharge rates of the largest springs. The data were juxtaposed with the relatively active tectonic zones distinguished in the catchment based on the relative tectonic activity index (Iat). The index was calculated using ArcGIS software, based on DEM, and with the use of the ArcNEO tool. The investigations indicated that springs with the highest discharge rates are located in the intersection zone of the main Biała Łada dislocation with accompanying faults. Additionally, the springs are located in the mouth sections of dry, asymmetric valleys and at the foot of their steep slopes following isostatically elevated hanging walls. The results support the hypothesis put forward by J. Malinowski (1993), who suggested that the distribution of springs with the highest discharge rates is determined by tectonics of the rock massif, in particular the distribution of the main dislocations and the accompanying subordinate discontinuous tectonic structures.

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Dynamika stanu wód podziemnych w strefie pogranicza Roztocza Zachodniego i Wyżyny Lubelskiej w 2014 r.

Chabudziński Ł., Michalczyk Z.

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2015

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Vol. 63, nr 10/1

639--644

EN

The paper presents the dynamics of the groundwater levels characterised in 2014 for 12 dug wells located in the border zone of Western Roztocze and the Lublin Upland. Data showing groundwater level fluctuations were obtained using automated pressure water level recorders installed in wells dug in 2013. Data used for characterisation of the meteorological conditions were provided by the weather station in Janów Lubelski; they comprised daily precipitation values, mean daily values of air temperature at a height of 2.0 m above the ground level, and mean daily values of soil temperature at a 0 m level. The analysis was based on the characteristics of each well in terms of their location and groundwater level fluctuations. The collected material was used in an attempt at verification and completion of assumptions presented by Malinowski (1974) and Janiec (1984) concerning the types of dynamics of groundwater levels characteristic for this region.

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Geological conditions of the distribution of closed depressions in the Nałęczów Plateau (Lublin Upland, E Poland): are they an origin determinant?

Kołodyńska-Gawrysiak R., Harasimiuk M., Chabudziński Ł., Jezierski W., Telecka M.

Landform Analysis

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2015

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Vol. 29

9--18

EN

Closed depressions (CDs) are landforms typical for loess areas. 1761 CDs have been inventoried within the Nałęczów Plateau. Large concentrations of CDs: 30–40 forms per km2 occur in areas where thick (more than 10 m) complex of glacigenic sediments (mainly glacial tills) or clay (limniglacial) deposits underlying loess cover. Areas with a low concentration of CDs (fewer than 10 forms per km2) correspond to areas where the loess cover lies on a bedrock (opokas) or on thin sandy-gravelly deposits. The distributions of CDs depends on the conditions of Pleistocene permafrost development and melting, linked with lithological properties of the sediments under loess cover.

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Zastosowanie ArcNEO do oceny przejawów neotektoniki na przykładzie zlewni górnego Wieprza (Roztocze, środkowo-wschodnia Polska)

Chabudziński Ł., Brzezińska-Wójcik T.

Landform Analysis

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2013

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Vol. 24

11--22

PL

W opracowaniu zaprezentowano schemat działania narzędzia ArcNEO, zwiększającego funkcjonalność programu ArcGIS 10.1 i pozwalającego na typowanie obszarów względnie mobilnych tektonicznie. Narzędzie ArcNEO działa w oparciu o dane wektorowe (granice zlewni poszczególnych rzędów, wybrane profile poprzeczne zlewni, dla których wyznacza się wartości wskaźnika Vf, szerokość dna doliny) oraz cyfrowy model wysokościowy (CMW). Generuje ono parametry zlewni oraz trzy grupy wskaźników: dwie (wysokościowe i powierzchniowe) opisujące parametry zlewni oraz jedną (liniową) – opisującą cechy form rzeźby w zlewniach. Wielkości wskaźników są podstawą do oszacowania młodej mobilności tektonicznej. Działanie narzędzia ArcNEO przedstawiono na przykładzie zlewni górnego Wieprza, położonej na lubelskim obszarze wyżynnym. Opracowana aplikacja może być stosowana do wskazywania obszarów względnie aktywnych/nieaktywnych tektonicznie w innych regionach o stosunkowo jednorodnej budowie geologicznej, a także do określania charakterystyk fizjograficznych zlewni.

EN

The current study presents the function of the ArcNEO tool, which increases the functionality of the ArcGIS 10.1 software and facilitates identification of relatively mobile tectonic areas. The ArcNEO tool works on vector layers (boundaries between catchments of different orders, selected transverse catchment profiles with their calculated Vf index values, the width of the valley floor) and the digital elevation model (DEM). The tool generates catchment parameters and three groups of indices: two (elevation and surface) describe catchment parameters and one (linear) describes the characteristics of catchment relief. The values of the indices are used in estimation of new tectonic mobility. The function of the ArcNEO tool is presented on the example of the upper Wieprz catchment located in the Lublin Upland area. The application developed can be used to identify relatively active/inactive tectonic areas in other regions characterised by a relatively homogeneous geological structure and to provide physiographic features of catchments.

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Zmiany wydajności źródeł w Wierzchowiskach w latach 1970–2012 (Roztocze Zachodnie)

Michalczyk Z., Chabudziński Ł.

Biuletyn Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego

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2013

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nr 456 Hydrogeologia z. 14/2

405--411

PL

W opracowaniu przedstawiono zmiany wydajności dwu zespołów źródeł w Wierzchowiskach, położonych na obszarze Roztocza Zachodniego, dających początek górnej Sannie. Podstawą opracowania były własne pomiary wydajności wykonywane od 1970 r., uzupełnione danymi publikowanymi. Średnia wydajność, obliczona z ponad 190 pomiarów wykonanych w latach 1959–2012, wynosiła w źródłach Dworskich 48,0 dm3• s–1, a w Stokach 128,7 dm3• s–1. Zmiany wydajności obu źródeł były zbliżone, z dominacją rytmu wieloletniego. Reakcja źródeł na zasilanie, podobnie jak i stanów wód podziemnych poziomu roztoczańskiego, następuje po dłuższym okresie występowania wysokich lub niskich opadów atmosferycznych. W ujęciu miesięcznym, nie stwierdzono bezpośrednich relacji między zasilaniem i wydajnością źródeł. Jest to efekt powolnego przepływu wody opadowej przez grubą strefę aeracji, w której część stropową tworzą osady lessu eolicznego.

EN

The paper presents changes in the discharge rate of two spring complexes in Wierzchowiska, Western Roztocze, which give rise to the upper Sanna River. The study was based on own measurements of discharge carried out since 1970 and complemented with published data. The mean discharge rate calculated for over 190 measurements performed in 1959–2012 was 48.0 dm3• s–1 in the Dworskie springs and 128.7 dm3• s–1 in the Stoki spring. The changes in the discharge rate of both types of springs were comparable, with the dominance of a long-term rhythm. The reaction of the springs to recharge, likewise in the case of groundwater table in Roztocze, occurs after a long-term period of high or low atmospheric precipitation levels. On a monthly basis, no direct correlations were found between recharge and discharge of the springs. This was related to the slow rate of precipitation water flow through the thick aeration zone, the top part of which is represented by aeolian loess sediments.

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Metody morfometryczne w badaniach geomorfologicznych regionu lubelskiego

Brzezińska-Wójcik T., Gawrysiak L., Chabudziński Ł.

Landform Analysis

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2010

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Vol. 12

7-22

PL

W artykule dokonano przeglądu prac, w których zastosowano metody morfometryczne zmierzające do analizy i uwydatnienia cech geomorfologicznych regionu lubelskiego. Szczególną uwagę zwrócono na moSliwość wykorzystania wskaźników morfometrycznych do: oceny mobilności neotektonicznej obszaru, zwłaszcza Roztocza i Wyżyny Lubelskiej, analiz zależności pomiędzy orientacją i kształtem głównych form rzeźby a orientacją uskoków lub/i mezostruktur tektonicznych, szacowania rozmiarów erozji wąwozowej na Wyżynie Lubelskiej (zwłaszcza na Płaskowyżu Nałęczowskim) i Roztoczu Gorajskim oraz wydzielania regionów geomorfologicznych WySyny Lubelskiej w oparciu o wysokości względne i średnie oraz poziomy denudacyjne. Przywołano również próbę zastosowania metod morfometrycznych do szacowania głębokości podłoża i pomiarów miąższości osadów plejstoceńskoholoceńskich, w dolinie Sopotu na Roztoczu Tomaszowskim. Duże znaczenie praktyczne, zwłaszcza w planowaniu przestrzennym, może mieć mapa średnich nachyleń, która dobrze oddaje zróżnicowanie spadków terenu w odniesieniu do budowy geologicznej analizowanego obszaru. Metody morfometryczne pozwalają na prezentowanie przestrzennego rozmieszczenia form, zjawisk i procesów oraz ich ocenę. Oprócz tego umożliwiają interpretację struktury analizowanych obszarów, jak również rozważania natury paleogeograficznej.

EN

The article provides a review of the studies where morphometric methods were used to analyse and highlight the geomorphological settings of the Lublin Region. Special emphasis was given to the possibility of using morphometric coefficients in: the evaluation of the neotectonic mobility of the area, particularly the Lublin Upland and Roztocze, an analysis of the relations between the orientation and shape of main relief forms and the orientation of faults and/or tectonic mesostructures, assessing the extent of gully erosion in the Lublin Upland (particularly in the Nałęczów Plateau) and Goraj Roztocze, and distinguishing the geomorphological regions of the Lublin Upland on the basis of relative and mean altitudes and denudation horizons. An attempt at using morphometric methods to estimate the depth of the basal complex and to measure the thickness of Pleistocene and Holocene deposits in the Sopot Valley in Tomaszów Roztocze has also been discussed. Map of average slope, due to accurate depiction of the diversity of relief inclination with connection to geological structure, can be of large practical importance, especially for spatial planning. Morphometric methods allow for presenting spatial distribution of forms, phenomena and processes, as well as their evaluation. In addition, they allow for interpreting the structure of studied areas and reflexions of paleogeographical nature.

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Neotectonic mobility of the Roztocze region, Ukrainian part, Central Europe: insights from morphometric studies

Brzezińska-Wójcik T., Chabudziński Ł., Gawrysiak L.

Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae

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2010

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Vol. 80, No 2

167-183

EN

The results of geological, geomorphic and hydrogeological research indicate spatially variable neotectonic activity of the Ukrainian part of the Roztocze region. This activity is confirmed by analysis of some geometric and morphometric coefficients (especially drainage basin elongation ratio, drainage basin circulatory ratio, drainage basin shape and lemniscate coefficient), which were calculated for 1646 drainage areas of the 3rd to 6th order, and morphometric linear coefficients (mountain-front sinuosity index and valley floor width-valley height ratio coefficient), which characterise the fault scarps. The south-western margin of the Rava Roztocze and Yaniv Roztocze regions, following NW-SE-trending faults, belongs to structures of the 1st or 2nd class of relative tectonic activity. On the other hand, in the north-eastern marginal zone in the Ukrainian part of the Roztocze region, a relatively active segment comprised between Maheriv and Zhashkiv shows a characteristic NW-SE orientation of valleys, controlled by a network of secondary sub-parallel faults. In the southern part of the analysed area, the Stavchanka River drainage basin related to the NW-striking fault zone, and the sub-parallel edge of the zone of the Vereshytsia-upper Mlynivka transverse depression are relatively active. Some relatively inactive areas are those of smaller drainage basins of the 3rd to 6th order, located within the zone of the main watershed between the Rata and Lubaczówka rivers in the Rava Roztocze region and the Zubra and Poltva rivers in the Lviv Roztocze region.