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Lithic Technology and Origin of the Stone Raw Material from the Guenfouda Cave (Jerada Province, Eastern Morocco)

Souhir Mohamed, Cruz Sergio Almisas, Aouraghe Hassan, Mhamdi Hicham

Journal of Ecological Engineering

2021

Vol. 22, nr 8

258--277

The Guenfouda cave is located 30 km south of the city of Oujda in the Jbel Metssila belonging to the Oujda Mountains. It was recognized as a site of archaeological interest in 2003. Excavations are scheduled every year, and important archaeological material (lithic, faunal and human) has been brought to light. A first study on the lithic industry was carried out by S. Almisas and M. Souhir [2018] under the title of "New studies on the lithic industry of the Neolithic deposits of the Oujda Mountains. Raw material and technology" [Reg.03 "Upper Pleistocene and Holocene cognitive complexity & archaeogenetics in North Africa" 15th PANAF Conférence, Rabat 2018]. The study is based on technological techniques, the typology of cut products and also on the origin of the raw material used. The lithic industry is abundant, well preserved in all levels and phases of the operating chain are present, indicating debitage in situ in the cave. The artefacts are brought back to the Neolithic for the upper levels, then to the final Upper Paleolithic (or Epipaleolithic) for the lower levels, marked by a change in culture with the appearance of back-to-body lamellae. The first analyses of the raw material used by prehistoric man in this cave, in particular the flint, generally comes from the Swimina area, located to the south of the Oued El Hay basin (Ain Béni Mathar). The limestones come from the surroundings of the mountains of ‘Oujda, plains and wadis. As for the basalt, it comes from an ancient Quaternary volcano located near the cave at the top of Jebel Metssila. In turn, quartzites, phtanites, silicified green schist and tuffite, they come from the Paleozoic buttonholes of Glib Naam and jbel boussofane (Province of Jerada). Given the information above, it appears that the man from Guenfouda may have used various rocks for the manufacturing of tools, and would have traveled distances of up to 60 km in radius to stock up on raw material, especially flint.

Characterization of the Zellidja Lead Smelter Slag (Eastern Morocco) in order to their Valorization in Civil Engineering

Moussaoui Raja, El Alami Souad El Moudni, Aouraghe Hassan

Journal of Ecological Engineering

2019

Vol. 20, nr 8

71--81

The Zellidja Lead Smelter Company (Eastern Morocco) was created by Jean Walter in 1939 for the purpose of transforming lead concentrates into pure metal. Its activity was always at the origin of the production of huge quantities of solid mining waste with granular aspect. Today, despite the definitive cessation of its production in 2012 due to the depletion of ore, millions of tons of slag are piled up between the back of the foundry and the watercourse of Oued El Heimer. This open-air storage site represents a significant environmental and economic risk resulting from the surface water and groundwater pollution. In addition, as part of the strengthening of the Moroccan construction sector and infrastructure (which requires enormous quantities of natural aggregates), studying the possibilities of using these by-products as building materials seems interesting. For these reasons, the objective of our research work is the characterization of Zellidja slag for their valorization in civil engineering. This valorization has three objectives: to solve the problem of the landfill of the mining waste, to search for an alternative material responding to the increased needs for granular materials and to protect the national patrimony in raw material. In order to ensure the feasibility of this valorization, these tailings were the subject of a complete characterization. The results of this characterization prove that these by-products with a granular aspect have interesting geometric, physical, chemical and mechanical characteristics favoring their valorization in concrete.