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Long-term trends and factors influencing rainwater chemistry in the Tatra Mountains, Poland

Małecki Jerzy J., Matyjasik Marek, Krogulec Ewa, Porowska Dorota

Geology, Geophysics and Environment

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2022

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Vol. 48, no. 1

19--38

EN

The results of rainwater chemistry monitoring in the Tatra Mountains, Poland, during the periods 1993–1994 and 2002–2019 were used to determine long-term trends and the factors influencing rainwater chemistry in the last two decades. In the early 1990’s, the study area was characterized by prominent acid rains with a pH of 4.4 that affected surface water, meadows, and forest ecosystems. A rising pH temporal trend has been observed during the following years, indicating improving air quality. This trend has also been observed in measured ionic concentrations and reduced wet deposition loads of sulfur- and nitrogen-containing acid-forming compounds. The neutralization capacity of rainwater in Kasprowy Wierch increased over the last twenty years and has mostly been dominated by NH4 + . The ammonium availability index has been steadily increasing between years 2002 and 2019 but remains less than 1. This statistically significant relationship also indicates that a portion of neutralization occurs in the lower part of the atmosphere due to ammonium-related neutralization processes. The acidic potential (AP) and the ratio AP/NP (acidic potential/neutralization potential) have been declining during the same time. The stated trends in rainwater chemistry reflect the transformation to more environmentally sustainable economies in the region. Similar changes have been observed in neighboring countries in the region, including Slovakia, the Czech Republic, and Lithuania.

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Causes of groundwater level and chemistry changes in an urban area; a case study of Warsaw, Poland

Krogulec Ewa, Gruszczyński Tomasz, Kowalczyk Sebastian, Małecki Jerzy J., Porowska Dorota, Sawicka Katarzyna, Trzeciak Joanna, Wojdalska Anna, Zabłocki Sebastian, Zaszewski Daniel

Acta Geologica Polonica

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2022

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Vol. 72, no. 4

495--517

EN

The presented studies focus on changes in groundwater levels and chemistry, and the identification of important factors influencing these changes on short- and long-term scales in urban areas. The results may be useful for rational and sustainable groundwater planning and management in cities. The studies concerned three aquifers: (1) the shallow Quaternary aquifer, (2) the deep Quaternary aquifer, and (3) the Oligocene aquifer in the capital city of Warsaw (Poland). The spatial variability of groundwater recharge was determined and its changes in time were characterized. The characteristics of groundwater levels were based on long-term monitoring series. The results indicate that urban development has caused overall reduction in infiltration recharge (from 54 to 51 mm/year), which is particularly clear in the city suburbs and in its centre, where land development has significantly densified during the last 30 years. Studies of groundwater levels indicate variable long-term trends. However, for the shallowest aquifer, the trends indicate a gradual decrease of the groundwater levels. In the case of the much deeper Oligocene aquifer, groundwater table rise is observed since the 1970s (averagely c. 20 m), which is related with excessive pumping. Based on the studied results, the groundwater chemistry in the subsurface aquifer indicates strong anthropogenic influence, which is reflected in multi-ionic hydrogeochemical types and the occurrence of chemical tracers typical of human activity. The Oligocene aquifer is characterized by a chemical composition indicating the influence of geogenic factors.

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Wody zwykłe i termalne niecki łódzkiej – analiza potencjalnych zagrożeń ich eksploatacji w rejonie aglomeracji Łodzi

Małecki Jerzy J., Ziułkiewicz Maciej

Biuletyn Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego

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2019

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nr 475, Hydrogeologia z. 16

133--142

PL

Aglomeracja łódzka ze względu na położenie w strefie wododziałowej ma bardzo ograniczone możliwości korzystania z zasobów wód powierzchniowych. Powstanie i dynamiczny rozwój zawdzięcza zasobnym strukturom hydrogeologicznym. Ponadto w rejonie niecki mogileńsko-łódzkiej występuje znaczący potencjał geotermalny. W części wynika on z nasycenia głębokiego podłoża strukturami solnymi o zwiększonej przewodności cieplnej. Za najbardziej perspektywiczne uznaje się geotermalne zbiorniki dolnokredowy i dolnojurajski. Występujące tam wody, poza wysokimi temperaturami, cechują się wysoką mineralizacją i wysokimi ciśnieniami złożowymi. Najbardziej zagrożony wydaje się dolnokredowy zbiornik wód zwykłych, gdyż instalacje geotermalne potencjalnie mogą powodować ascenzję wód wysoko zmineralizowanych z utworów triasowych i jurajskich. Zagrożenie to nie istnieje poza granicą oddzielającą wody zwykłe od mineralnych, gdyż w tej strefie poziom dolnokredowy traci znaczenie jako użytkowy poziom wodonośny wód słodkich

EN

The Łódź agglomeration, due to its location in the watershed zone, has very limited possibilities of using surface water resources. Its establishment and dynamic development was determined by the abundant aquifer structures of the Łódź Basin and its Cenozoic overburden. The area of the Mogilno-Łódź Basin shows a considerable geothermal potential. It partly results from the saturation of the deep bedrock of salt structures showing increased heat conductivity. The Lower Cretaceous and Lower Jurassic geothermal reservoirs are considered most promising. Waters occurring there, apart from high temperature, are characterized by high mineralization and high reservoir pressures. The Lower Cretaceous aquifer seems to be most threatened. Geothermal installations generate a potential increase of the risk of ascension of its highly mineralized waters from Triassic and Jurassic sediments. The threat does not exist outside the boundary separating fresh and mineral waters because in this area the aquifer loses its importance as a useful fresh water aquifer.

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Numeryczny model filtracji nieustalonej dla fragmentu doliny Wisły w rejonie ujścia rzeki Świder

Gruszczyński Tomasz, Małecki Jerzy J.

Geologos

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2006

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Vol. 10

65--74

EN

Groundwater flow in river valley aquifer is shaped by stresses, which intensity is variable during time. In this case high accuracy of mathematical model demands calculations for transient flow. In this convention was executed model of groundwater flow for the part of the Vistula river valley (central Poland). Aquifer is built of sandily-gravelly sediments of high permeability, which thickness arrives at 40 meters. A numerical finite difference model were built using Visual Modflow software. Discretization of the space in the horizontal surface was executed by orthogonal net, divisive the area on square blocks of 10 meters side length. It were distinguished 10 layers of diverse thickness. Oscillations of surface water level and distribution of recharge were treated as the main criterion for stressperiods marking. After putting of all parameters model was calibrated. The main result of calculations is the spatiotemporal variability of the hydrokinetic state of the aquifer, what gave the base for mass balance computation.