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1

Polska wyprawa na Spitsbergen w 1938 r.

Köhler P.

Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki

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2018

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R. 63, nr 2

7--27

EN

Polish expedition to Spitsbergen in 1938 was the fifth Polish expedition to the Arctic during interwar period. Four persons participated in it: geologist Bronisław Halicki (1902-1962) from Stefan Batory University in Vilnius, geographer and geomorphologist Mieczysław Klimaszewski (1908-1995) from the Jagiellonian University in Kraków, geologist Ludwik Sawicki (1893-1972), connected with the State Geological Institute in Warsaw, and Stefan Bernardzikiewicz (1907-1939) from the Warsaw Technical University (organizer and technical leader of the expedition). Polish expedition stayed from July 5th to September 6th 1938 on the Oscar II Land on Spitsbergen. The basis was set up on the Kaffioyr plain. Research was conducted within up to 100 km radius from the base. The main purpose of the expedition was to collect possibly enough data for comparison purposes that could enable studies of the Pleistocene deposits in Poland. The 2nd World War prevented researchers from working on the collected data and from publishing them. Only in 1960, M. Klimaszewski published a valuable geomorphological study devoted to the territory located between Kongsfjorden and Eidembukta. The data and experience obtained on Spitsbergen were of great importance for later interpretations, both Old Quarternary and Young Pleistocene, as well as Holocene geological profiles on the Polish Lowlands.

2

Zarys historii badań botanicznych Podkarpacia (do 1939 r.)

Köhler P.

Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki

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2016

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R. 61, nr 1

65--115

EN

The beginnings of botanical studies in Sub-Carpathian region (now: Podkarpackie Voivodeship, Poland) reach back to mid-16th century. Only in the Primitiae florae Galiciae (Besser 1809), however, the first data on the localities of particular species can be found. The next stage in botanical studies started when the Physiographical. Commission was founded (1865), which awarded annual research grants. In the years 1865–1939, 52 research projects were financed and at least 126 works based on those projects were published in 1867–1939. Most of them concerned vascular plants (71), much less – fungi and slime molds (24), algae (11), lichen (9), fossil plants (8) and bryophytes (3). Majority of plants collected during that research are kept in the Herbarium of the W. Szafer Botany Institute of the Polish Academy of Sciences in Kraków. Until 1939, more than 57 botanists conducted botanical research in the area of Sub-Carpathian region.

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Druga polska wyprawa na Spitsbergen (w 1936 roku)

Köhler P.

Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki

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2016

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R. 61, nr 4

135--143

EN

The second Polish expedition to Spitsbergen took place in 1936. It was already the third Polish expedition to the Arctic (previous ones were: Bear Island in 1932-1933, Spitsbergen – Torell Land in 1934). The organizers and participants were: Stefan Bernadzikiewicz (1907-1939) – assistant at the Warsaw Technical University, leader of the 1934 expedition to Spitsbergen, Konstanty Narkiewicz-Jodko (1901-1963) – assistant at the Unit of Physisc of the Warsaw Univeristy, who specialised in stratosphere research, and Stanisław Siedlecki (1912-2002) – geology student at the Warsaw University, participant of both previous Polish polar expeditions. The expedition was supposed to be a kind of reconnaissance with climbing and scientific elements. The route of the expedition ran from the place of landing at the Hornsund fiord coastline (July 7) to the most southward cape of Spitsbergen – Sørneset (July 11). Next the expedition participants moved north across the eastern part of the island. After replenishing food supplies when the expedition was halfway through (August 4-11), its route ran to as far as the most northward Verlegenhuken cape (August 24), and then back to the southern Billenfjord coastline (September 1-5). Climbing and scientific part of the expedition failed. Because of quick march and frequent fogs measurements and topographical sketches were abandoned. Despite the lack of strictly scientific results, the expedition itself had great exploratory importance: for the first time in history, Spitsbergen was hiked across from south to north without the use of dogs.

4

Dzieje polskich badań botanicznych i mykologicznych lądowych obszarów Antarktyki i Subantarktyki

Köhler P., Olech M.

Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki

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2011

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R. 56, nr 1

67-109

EN

The work includes a description of the period from the moment of setting up Polish Polar Station on King George Island (1977) to the end of International Polar Year IV in 2009. Researches on flower plants focused, among others, on plants' morphology, morphological composition of the pollen and anatomical ultra-structure of the leaves. There were also carried out biochemical and other searches for the internal mutability. Within physiological studies one concentrated on the problem of reaction to temperature stress. Biological researches focused mainly on solving taxonomic and bio-geographic problems. Finally, were published several monographs and, among others, the first in history complete description of moss` flora of the whole of Antarctic (2008). Research works over algae included also such issues as floristics, bio-geography, taxonomy and ecology (for instance, (the rookery's impact on distribution of algae, or the influence of inanimate factors on dynamics of condensing the Diatoma in different water and soil-bound tanks). Up till now, within mycological investigations has been identified a variety of lichen fungi that for the most part of Antarctic are a novelty. There were scientifically described new for science genera and species of Western Antarctic. Lichenological studies were made in the field of taxonomy, geography, lichenometry, biochemistry of lichens, lichenoindication, ecophysiology and from the point of analysis of base metals' content. There were also described new for science species. Since 1991, were published the results of searches for the base metals' content and vestigial chemical elements in lichens' thallus. Ecophysiological researches concerned both micro-climatic conditions' impact on primary production and lichens' adaptation to a very cold climate. One discovered a mechanism of two-phase hydratization/dehydratization of lichens' thallus. On the ground of palaeobotanical analyzes was reconstructed a development of flora in Western Antarctic from the late Cretaceous period to the beginning of Melville's continental glaciation. One singled out three floristic stages and were reconstructed their peculiarities in the development of flora. There was also described an early Jurassic flora of Hope Bay (Półwysep Antarktyczny - Antarctic Peninsula) that turned out to be the richest Jurassic flora in the world. From that point of view were analyzed new species of mineral plants. Ecological researches concentrated on the problems connected with several issues and, among others, with the processes of settlement and succession, distribution and ecology of land biotopes, changes in their spatial structure, and state of biotopes' biological mass. The second group of issues concerned the anthropogenous impacts. One also analyzed early stages of synanthropization of flora. Another important issue was recognizing an extent of the pollution of the environment, particularly with base metals. In the years 1977-2009 were published, at least, 426 notes, articles and monographs that were a result of botanical and mycological researches on sheets of land of Antarctic and Sub-Antarctic,

5

Łysenkizm w botanice Polskiej

Köhler P.

Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki

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2008

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R. 53, nr 2

83-161

EN

Lysenkoism in Poland was never an autonomous phenomenon. The whole array of sasons for which it appeared in Polish science would require a separate study - here it illy needs to be pointed out that the major reasons included terror on the part of the ecurity service, lawlessness, the ubiquitous atmosphere of intimidation and terror, cen-orship, the diminishing sphere of civil liberties, political show trials, propaganda and enunciations. An important role in facilitating the introduction of Lysenkoism was layed also by the reorganization of science after World War Two, the isolation of Polish cience from science in the West, as well as the damage it had suffered during the war. At first, Lysenkoism was promoted in Poland by a small group of enthusiastic nd uncritical proponents. A overview of the events connected with the ten years of ysenkoism in Poland (end of 1948 - beginning of 1958) shows a two-tier picture of how the 'idea' was propagated. The first tier consisted in the activities of the Association of Marxist Naturalists [Koło Przyrodników-Marksistów], which it engaged in since the end f 1948. The Association was later transformed into a Union of Marxist Naturalists, and this in turn merged, in 1952, with the Copernican Society of Polish Naturalists [Polskie Towarzystwo Przyrodników im. Kopernika]. It was that society which promoted Lysenkoism longest, until the end of 1956. The propaganda and training activities of the ircle and the society prepared ground for analogous activities of the newly formed Polish Academy of Science (PAN), which - since its very establishment in 1952 -igaged in promoting Lysenkoism through its Second Division. These activities were med at naturalists, initially at those who were prominent scientists (eg. the conference at Kuźnice, 1950/1951), and then at those who were only starting their academic career ncluding national courses in new biology at Dziwnów, 1952, or Kortowo, 1953 and J55). The end to promoting Lysenkoism by PAN came with the Sixth General Assembly of its members on June 11-12, 1956. The second tier of propagating Lysenkoism consisted in activities aimed at the general public, including the teach creative Darwinism (obligatory for pupils of various levels of education), in the ! years 1949/50-1956/57. There were few botanists who published studies in Lysenkoism: only 55 persons did so. Among them, there were only a few botanists who could boast of significant] ous scientific achievements - they included Stefan Białobok (1909-1992), Władysław Kunicki-Goldfinger (1916-1995), Edmund Malinowski (1885-1979), Konstanty Moldenhawer (1889-1962), Józef Motyka (1900-1984), Szczepan Pieniążek. A m; ty of the authors of publication in Lysenkoism were young scientists or people wh publish anything later on. Basing on the available bibliographies, it is possible to a tain that there were ca. 140 Lysenkoist botanical publications (out of the total of 3' i.e. 4.1 % (fig. 1) of all the botanist publications in Poland in that period. Their nui in the years 1949-1953 was higher than in the next period, and oscillated between 15 24 publications annually (fig. 2). The percentage of Lysenkoist studies among all j lications in botany published each year was highest in 1949 (11.5 %), and decreased tematically in the following years (fig. 3). Lysenkoism was a marginal phenomenon in Polish botany. Among the Lysenkoist publications, most summarized papers delivered at successive conferences, or consisted in reprints of Soviet studies. A significant group was made up of publications popu izing the principles and achievements of Lysenkoism (on the basis of Soviet publi tions). There were relatively studies presenting the results of research conducted Poland on the basis of Lysenko's theory. Botanists who remember those times recoil that topics connected with Michurinian-Lysenkoist biology were avoided. It is symp matic that not a single Lysenkoist study was published in Acta Societatis Botanicon Poloniae, the scientific journal of the Polish Botanical Society (out of the total of 3 articles published in the years 1948-1958). The attitudes of Polish botanists towards Lysenkoism varied. A great majority, i, ca. 96 % of all botanists, dealt with research topics that did not require direct referenc to Lysenkoism and did not publish any Lysenkoist studies. A few botanists did publish studies based on the tenets of Lysenkoism. Some did so in a sincere belief in the valid ty of the theory (e.g. Aniela Makarewicz (1905-1990) or Szczepan Pieniążek). A nun ber of botanists, who did not want to be exposed to harassment, avoided explic endorsements of the theory or, whenever possible, used the "shield" of Soviet science This consisted in using quotations from the classics of Marxism and Lysenkoism , botl in papers delivered at conferences and in written publications. These references were i kind of levy paid in order to put vigilance of the censorship to sleep or to avoid non-sub stantive criticism. Other botanists (very few in number) took a hostile stand or Lysenkoism, which was a thing that required courage. The consequences for a university professor included being deprived of one's chair and being banned from publishing (this was, for instance, the case Prof. Wacław Gajewski (1911-1997)). The role of censorship should not be underestimated - it may be due to its activities that only isolated studies engaging in polemic with Lysenkoism, or trying to show the fallaciousness of its lets, appeared in the first half of the 1950s. The content of publications was also affect-, by editors and editorial boards: as a result of their intervention, authors were forced include obligatory quotations from the classics of Marxism and Lysenkoism in their tides. Since the current paper is based predominantly on publications, the strength of the opposition to Lysenkoism may be undervalued. It is well-known, not only from oral testimony, that the times of Lysenkoism were a terrible period in Polish botany, with all kinds of pressures exerted on botanists who did not adopt it. Fortunately, no Polish botanists lost their lives. The Lysenkoist period in Polish botany retarded the development of many of its anches. In the last fifty years many of the setbacks have been made up for, but it is in e biological education of the general public that Lysenkoism has had a more serious feet. Several generations of young people failed to be introduced to genetics, or at least its foundations, at any level of schooling. Instead they were inculcated with the erroneous belief of man's limitless possibilities in transforming nature, including the view at species can be shaped freely in line with economic needs. The view of Lysenkoism in Polish botany presented in the current paper is almost irtainly far from being completely true. Any future archival queries may contribute :ry significantly to our knowledge of Lysenkoist botany, and the participation in or position to it by particular botanists.

6

Historia Zielnika Instytutu Botaniki Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego (KRA) w latach 1780-1910

Köhler P.

Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki

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1999

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R. 44, nr 2

7--60

PL

Zielnik - według obecnych standardów - jest to uporządkowany zbiór zasuszonych roślin zebranych w celach naukowych: jako dokumentacja (materiał dowodowy) prac florystycznych, systematycznych i ekologicznych. Okazy roślin naklejone są na arkusze papieru i zaopatrzone w etykiety z informacją o przynależności systematycznej danego okazu i o miejscu, w którym został zebrany (współrzędne geograficzne, data i opis siedliska), oraz nazwisko osoby, która zebrała i oznaczyła dany okaz. Jest to rezultat wielu wieków rozwoju wiedzy o roślinach i sposobów jej przekazywania, sięgających swymi początkami starożytnych dzieł filozoficznych i medycznych zawierających opisy i ryciny roślin. Prawdopodobnie dopiero na przełomie średniowiecza i renesansu pojawiają się we Włoszech księgi z wklejonymi zasuszonymi roślinami. Najstarsze zachowane herbarium - zielnik Gherharda Cibo - pochodzi z roku 1532. Zielniki, składające się czasem z kilkudziesięciu tomów, po śmierci właścicieli trafiały często do bibliotek lub muzeów uniwersyteckich dając początek zielnikom instytucjonalnym. Najstarszym z nich jest Zielnik Uniwersytetu w Bolonii powstały w 1570 roku 2. W XVIII wieku zaczęto stosować nową formę zielników: luźne, nie oprawiane in folio arkusze z roślinami wiązano w fascykuły, co umożliwiało dowolne włączanie do zbioru nowych arkuszy bez zaburzania przyjętego systemu (czyli układu zbioru); wynalazek ten przypisywany jest niderlandzkiemu botanikowi Janowi Frederikowi Gronoviusowi (1690-1762) lub Szwedowi Karolowi Linneuszowi (1707-1778)3. W wieku XIX i XX znacznie zwiększono informację towarzyszącą okazom oraz udoskonalono sposoby zabezpieczania zbiorów przed szkodnikami. Wiatach 1936-1950poszczególne zielniki otrzymały identyfikujące je akronimy składające się z jednej do kilku liter 4; Zielnik Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego - KRA - od pierwszych liter nazwy miasta, w którym się znajduje. Najstarsze zielniki uniwersyteckie powstały w Polsce w XVIII w., ich początki związane są z reformą obu uniwersytetów Rzeczypospolitej: Akademii Krakowskiej i Akademii Wileńskiej. Za datę powstania pierwszego z nich przyjmuje się rok 1780 - założenie Katedry Chemii i Historii Naturalnej wraz z Gabinetem Historii Naturalnej w Akademii Krakowskiej, jednakże korzenie jego są znacznie odleglejsze. Szukać ich należałoby wśród zbiorów muzealnych Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego sięgających swymi początkami XV wieku. Zielnik Uniwersytetu Wileńskiego jest o rok młodszy - jego początki związane są z objęciem przez Jeana Emmanuela Giliberta (1741-1814) katedry historii naturalnej i przywiezieniem przez niego z Grodna swej kolekcji suszonych roślin w 1781 roku 5. Zielnik Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego zaliczany jest, jako jedyny w Polsce, do elitarnego grona 30 najstarszych herbariów na świecie6. W ciągu ponad dwóch wieków swego istnienia przechodził różne okresy: lepsze, gdy powiększano i konserwowano zbiory, oraz gorsze, gdy z braku pieniędzy kolekcje niszczały 7. Różna była też jego przynależność i nazwa, a przemiany organizacyjne, którym podlegał ilustruje schemat [ryc. 1]. Herbarium uniwersyteckie nie ma dotychczas swej monografii, ani nawet opracowania historycznego. Rozproszone informacje na jego temat znajdują się w kilku publikacjach poświęconych Ogrodowi Botanicznemu UJ, jako że przez długie lata zielnik ten był ściśle związany z krakowskim Ogrodem. Niniejsza praca ma na celu wypełnić przynajmniej częściowo tę lukę. Opracowanie obejmuje lata 1780-1910, czyli okres od założenia Gabinetu Historii Naturalnej w Akademii Krakowskiej do przejścia na emeryturę Józefa Rostafińskiego; w ciągu tych 130 lat zbiór ten spełniał przede wszystkim funkcje dydaktyczne, podlegał równocześnie ewolucji, w wyniku której powstał nowoczesny Zielnik. Dzieje współczesnego herbarium uniwersyteckiego w Krakowie, czyli okres po roku 1910 kiedy to pełnił rolę głównie naukową, będą przedmiotem odrębnego opracowania. W pracy wykorzystałem materiały archiwalne oraz publikowane, nie uwzględniłem natomiast historycznych danych zawartych na etykietach zielnikowych - obecnie nie jest to możliwe z uwagi na układ zielnika (systematyczny, a nie kolekcjami) i jego wielkość (obecnie składa się z ponad 310 tys. arkuszy).

EN

The oldest private herbarium in the world was made in Italy at the beginning of 16th century. The first university herbarium was established in Bologna in Italy. The paper describes the history of the Jagiellonian University Herbarium (KRA) in Cracow (Poland) in the years 1780-1910. Figure 1 shows the evolution of botanical assemblage within those 130 years: from the University Natural History Collections to the modern Jagiellonian University Herbarium. The description is based on published and on archival sources, but not on data contained in the herbarium labels. The period after 1910 will be the subject of separate paper. The first 130 years of history of the Jagiellonian University Herbarium can be characterised by: 1. specialisation and evolution - from the Natural History Collections to the modern herbarium, 2. its main function - use in the botany lectures and practicals as educational aid, 3. increase or decrease in the herbarium sheet number, reflecting the changable situation of the Chair of Botany at the Jagiellonian University.