W artykule przedstawiono genezę, cele, zadania, działania oraz strukturę organizacyjną Organizacji Międzynarodowego Lotnictwa Cywilnego, największej i najbardziej znaczącej organizacji lotnictwa cywilnego o zasięgu globalnym. Na tym tle wskazano i uwypuklono jej wpływ na funkcjonowanie i rozwój lotnictwa cywilnego w wymiarze międzynarodowym. Szczególną uwagę zwrócono na działalność ICAO związaną z ustanawianiem i wdrażaniem międzynarodowych norm oraz zalecanych metod postępowania., które ujednolicają zasady funkcjonowania lotnictwa cywilnego, podnosząc bezpieczeństwo i efektywność jego wykorzystania.
Artykuł zawiera rezultaty badań naukowych dotyczących zależności między restryktywną i liberalną polityką lotniczą a rozwojem lotnictwa cywilnego. Zidentyfikowana została istota tych rodzajów polityki oraz ich ewolucja w przeszłości i czasach współczesnych. Na tym tle wykazano, że restryktywna polityka lotnicza ograniczała konkurencję w lotnictwie cywilnym oraz hamowała jego rozwój poprzez liczne ograniczenia w działalności międzynarodowej. Wykazano również, że liberalna polityka lotnicza, oparta na zasadach uczciwej konkurencji, polega na znoszeniu przeszkód i barier w działalności lotnictwa cywilnego, co spowodowało powstawanie tanich linii lotniczych oraz aliansów lotniczych, zapewniając szeroką ofertę usług lotniczych oraz dostęp podmiotów lotnictwa cywilnego do rynku lotniczego na tych samych zasadach.
EN
The article contains the results of research related to the relationship between restrictive and liberal aviation policies and the development of civil aviation. The nature of these types of policies, as well as their evolution in the past and modern times, has been identified here. Against this background, it has been shown that the restrictive aviation policy limited competition in civil aviation and retarded its development through numerous limitations / restrictions on international business. It has also been shown that liberal aviation policy, based on fair competition principles, lies in the abolition of obstacles and barriers within civil aviation, which led to the formation of low-cost airlines and air alliances, providing a wide range of air services and the access of civil aviation to the aviation market on the same principles.
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The article was written in connection with the celebrations of the 20th anniversary of General Staff Academy’s conversion into National Defence University (Akademia Obrony Narodowej). The first part of the paper outlines the National Defence University’s traditions, facts, scope and methods of activities concerning its predecessors, i.e. the Knights’ School, Application School of Artillery and Engineering, General Staff Academy of the Polish Army, were described. The further, main part of the article contains the presentation of changes taking place at the University on the background of political, military and economic transformations in Poland and the analysis of evolutionary changes occurring in the area of education, research and promotional activities, as well as national and international cooperation.
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The article presents analyses and evaluations of contemporary and future threats in the context of global security environment changes which are the bases to answer questions connected with armed forces’ transformation and development, i.e. to define counteracting which threats they should be ready to and which requirements they should meet. These analyses have a universal character, they refer to NATO armed forces’ transformations and development taking into consideration European conditions. On this background, the Polish approach to the Polish Armed Forces' development requirements and directions at the beginning of the 21st century is presented.
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Aviation and air activity are particularly convenient and sensitive objects, against which a terrorist activity can be directed. Terrorists can use a variety of forms and ways of influence. The most sensitive place, where the air activity is concentrated, is an airport with its infrastructure. The purpose of researches, on which this article has been based, was to establish the ways of counteracting the terrorist threats. Analyzing international and national law regulations in the field of counteracting the terrorist threats in aviation, rational manners of counteracting those threats were drawn up. They include organizational and technical solutions which can be applied in airports and their closest vicinity. Specific solutions were created to prevent the penetration of terrorists with different means of threats to aviation objects or planes and to hinder the use of destructive substances in the closest vicinity of airports. Comprehensive usage of the variety of organizational and technical solutions, based on international and national legal regulations, significantly increases security and ensures the counteracting of terrorist attacks at airports.
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Poland has made a great progress in building modern Airspace Control and Airspace Management systems, which meet the Allied and European requirements. However, this process has not been fully completed. Its intensification and identified problems' resolutions should make these systems capable of facing the challenges of the present and future crisis situation.
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Poland’s entry to NATO causes the necessity for our country and Polish Armed Forces to fulfil new tasks and goals resulting from belonging to the Alliance. The most essential of them include the integration of the Polish Armed Forces with NATO ones, particularly Polish combat air force, as the Polish Armed Forces most mobile component, with its NATO equivalent, i.e. tactical air force. There are four levels of integration in the air force: compatibility, interoperability, exchangeability, and community. This integration marks the framework of changes in the Polish Air Force. Accomplishing these changes causes that Polish combat air force will reach a real capability for joint activities with NATO tactical air force. The areas of the changes will include structural – organizational transformations in the Polish combat air force, adopting the Alliance doctrinal assumptions to use air force, applying similar to NATO command system and procedures and reaching the air force equipment compatibility. Meeting these demands will ensure the integration of Polish combat air force with NATO tactical air force.
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