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Diatom biomonitoring : scientific foundations, commonly discussed issues and frequently made errors

Szczepocka E., Żelazna-Wieczorek J.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2018

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Vol. 47, No. 3

313--325

EN

Contemporary assessment of the ecological status of aquatic ecosystems is based on various groups of organisms, including diatoms. Biological assessment, implemented by the Water Framework Directive, has been applied worldwide for more than 15 years. Currently, the most basic “tool” used in biomonitoring are diatom indices, which are routinely applied in Europe and other countries around the world. In Poland, the diatom indices have been used for over 5 years, which is a period of time allowing to summarize and evaluate the effectiveness of these methods in the assessment of aquatic ecosystems. The purpose of this work was to analyse the use of diatom indices in the biomonitoring of surface water by collecting data on the possibilities and limitations of using diatom indices for the objective assessment of water quality. Attention was paid to mistakes made in the course of biological assessment performed with the use of diatom phytobenthos, which have a significant impact on the obtained results. The paper also contains suggestions for introducing several important changes in biological monitoring, which will improve its quality and efficiency in assessing the ecological status of various aquatic ecosystems.

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First record of Prestauroneis tumida Levkov and accompanying species in Poland

Rakowska B., Szczepocka E., Żelazna-Wieczorek J., Olszyński R. M.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2017

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Vol. 46, No. 1

30--37

EN

The paper presents morphological and ecological characteristics of Prestauroneis tumida Levkov recorded for the first time in Poland. The diatom Prestauroneis tumida Levkov was found in the microbenthos of the Czarna Staszowska River (left tributary of the Vistula River, south-eastern Poland). This diatom species was present in the upper section of the river (sampling sites: 1 – Drogowle, 2 – Raków) where saprobic state varied from oligosaprobic to beta-mesosaprobic. Dimensions of the valve were as follows: length 30-44 µm, width 8-11 µm and 13-16 striae in 10 µm. Our research updates the morphological diversity data such as measurements of valves in terms of width and the number of striae. The accompanying species of Prestauroneis tumida belonged to the group of good water quality indicators, from oligo- to mesosaprobic ones. Some of the identified species were indicators of alkaline, calcium-rich waters.

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Diatoms in the biological assessment of the ecological state of waters using the Czarna Staszowska River as an example

Szczepocka E., Rakowska B.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2015

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Vol. 44, No. 2

254--266

EN

The object of the present research was the Czarna Staszowska River, which is located in south-eastern Poland and which is a left tributary of the upper Vistula River. The length of the river is 61 km and its sources are situated in the Świętokrzyskie Mountains. The river flows across an area covered by Mesozoic rocks, mostly carbonate and sulfate ones. The upper and middle course of the river is of natural character, while increased pollution occurs downstream of the Chańcza Reservoir. In the present study, the water quality of the Czarna Staszowska is investigated in the pure and polluted sections using diatom indices, such as IO − Diatom Index, IPS − Specific Pollution Sensitivity Index, GDI − Generic Diatom Index and TDI − Trophic Diatom Index. In the four river sections distinguished on the basis of the hydrology and the degree of water pollution, the occurrence of different indicator species was determined in the respective diatom assemblages. Indicator species were determined, i.e. characteristic of oligosaprobic and mesosaprobic, limestone and silicon-rich waters. Also taxa indicating an increased trophic status of the river (occurring in its polluted sections) were identified.

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Diatom indices in the biological assessment of the water quality based on the example of a small lowland river

Szczepocka E., Szulc B., Szulc K., Rakowska B., Żelazna-Wieczorek J.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2014

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Vol. 43, No. 3

265--273

EN

The aim of the study was to compare the biological analyzes of the Linda River (Central Poland), which were based on three diatom indices: IO, GDI and IPS in order to select the best diatom index for the biological assessment of the lotic water quality. Additionally, the summary of the selected results of the biological and chemical analyzes was presented to show how precise the biological analyzes are as a basic tool in the assessment of the ecological status of the lotic waters. The results showed that each of the indices assessed the water in the Linda River to a specific but different quality class. The IO index showed class II of the water quality, while the IPS and GDI - class III. Statistical analysis conducted with the nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis test for independent samples (Kruskal, Wallis 1952) showed that differences in the values of individual indices at different sites were not statistically significant. It should be noticed that the IPS and GDI indices gave values that classify the water in the Linda River at least one class below. The obtained results confirmed that the biological methods are most reliable in the assessment of the water quality. These methods are less sensitive to a single impact of the environmental factors, therefore they permit accurate determination of the ecological status of the water ecosystems.

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The use of benthic diatoms in estimating water quality of variously polluted rivers

Szczepocka E., Szulc B.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2009

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Vol. 38, No.1

17-26

EN

Two rivers situated in Central Poland, the Bzura and the Pilica, were selected for analysis of their water quality using benthic diatom species as indicators. The Bzura River has previously been strongly contaminated with organic pollutants, while the Pilica River has been classified as having good water quality. Samples were collected from nine sites along the Bzura in April 2003 and seven sites along the Pilica in April 2006. The main aims of the study were to determine the dominant diatom species present in the rivers and to assess their usefulness as biological indicators. Water quality of the rivers was estimated on the basis of the SPI - Specific Pollution sensitivity Index (CEMAGREF 1982) and the GDI - Generic Diatom Index (Coste, Ayphassorho 1991) while trophic status was estimated using TDI - Trophic Diatom Index (Kelly, Whitton 1995). Indices determining saprobic water pollution (SPI, GDI) indicated water quality of class III and IV for the Bzura River and class II and III for the Pilica River. The trophic status determined on the basis of the TDI index revealed the Bzura water to be classified in the eutrophic-tohypertrophic zone and that of the Pilica River to the oligo-mesotrophic-to-eutrophic zone. The diatom taxa that dominated in the Bzura River were species that are generally considered to be tolerant and resistant with respect to organic water pollution, including: Cyclotella meneghiniana Kützing, Gomphonema parvulum (Kützing) Kützing, Nitzschia palea (Kützing) W. Smith, Nitzschia paleacea Grunow, Sellaphora pupula (Kützing) Mereschkovsky, Stephanodiscus hantzschii Grunow, Ulnaria ulna (Nitzsch) Compere. In the Pilica River diatoms from groups that are sensitive and tolerant to organic pollution were seen to dominate, such as: Achnanthidium minutissimum (Kützing) Czarnecki, Aulacoseira granulata (Ehrenberg) Simonsen, Cocconeis neodiminuta Krammer, Cocconeis placentula Ehrenberg, Cocconeis placuntula var. lineata (Ehrenberg) Grunow, Cyclotella radiosa (Grunow) Lemmermann, Fragilaria crotonensis Kitton, Geissleria decussis (Řestrup) Lange-Bertalot et Metzeltin, Melosira varians Agardh, Navicula reichardtiana Lange-Bertalot, Planothidium frequentissimum (Lange-Bertalot) Lange-Bertalot, Pseudostaurosira brevistriata (Grunow) Williams & Round, Rhoicosphenia abbreviata (Agardh) Lange-Bertalot and Staurosira pinnata Ehrenberg.

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Benthic diatoms in the central section of the Pilica River and Sulejów Reservoir

Szczepocka E., Szulc B.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2006

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Vol. 35, No.2

171-178

EN

Two primary saprobic indices, SPI – the Specific Pollution sensitivity Index and TDI – the Trophic Diatom Index, were studied. Water quality of the upstream and central sections of the Sulejów reservoir were included in the mesosaprobic zone, while downstream stretches of the reservoir (Smardzewice Village) were in the polysaprobic zone. The Sulejów reservoir was found to impact the Pilica river.

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Water quality assessment using diatoms in the Bzura River)

Szczepocka E.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2005

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Vol. 34, No.4

67--79

EN

The Bzura River is a left-side tributary of the Vistula River; it flows across the Łódzkie and Mazowieckie Voivodeships. It is a typical lowland river, 166.2 km in length, has its sources in the town of Łódź, and outflows at the town of Wyszogród. Between 1956 and 1997 the Bzura was one of the most polluted rivers in Poland. Since 1998 a decisive decease in the value of pollution indices has been observed. Between 1998 and 2001 a quantitative and qualitative study of diatom communities and an assessment of water quality of the river was carried out on the basis of microbenthos samples, applying Lange-Bertalot’s (1994) species diversity method, which takes advantage of the various diatom tolerances to pollution. Three sections of the river (upper, middle and lower) were investigated at six sites (Arturówek, Ozorków, Łęczyca, Łowicz, Sochaczew and Wyszogród). As a result, the Bzura’s water quality was determined to be of Water Purity Classes II and II-III. The source section (Arturówek) decisively fulfils the requirements of Water Purity Class II – sensitive diatom taxa constituted over 50% of the diatom assemblage there. At Ozorków and Łęczyca water declined to Class II-III – it was the river’s section impacted by the “Boruta” Industrial Dye Works and the Łęczyca Mining Works. The percentage of sensitive species was over 10 and of tolerant ones below 50. Water quality in the middle section (Łowicz, Sochaczew) indicated Water Purity Class II – decisively sensitive species dominated there (above 50%). In the outflow section the percentage relationship between species indicated Water Purity Class II-III of the river’s water. Results of biological and physico-chemical investigations are congruent with each other and prove that the Bzura River, which until recently was a “sewage ditch”, is regenerating and reviving.

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Cyanobacteria water blooms associated with various eukaryotic algae in the Sulejów Reservoir

Rakowska B., Sitkowska M., Szczepocka E., Szulc B.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2005

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Vol. 34, No.1

31--38

EN

The Sulejów Reservoir is a lowland dam reservoir that was constructed in 1973 on the Pilica River at the village of Smardzewice. It is 15.5 km long and has an elongated, trough-like shape. It is characterized by a low depth (mean - 4.5 m), and its mean annual retention time ranges from a dozen to four dozen days. The reservoir is strongly eutrophic due to large loads of phosphorus and nitrogen entering its catchment area. Since the creation of the reservoir, strong water blooms have been caused by Aphanizomenon flos-aquae, Anabaena flos-aquae, Microcystis aeruginosa, and Microcystis wessenbergii. These blooms were associated with the intensified development of green algae, mainly of the genera Coelastrum, Dictyosphaerium, Pandorina, Pediatrum, and Scenedesmus. Beside the blue-green and green algae, the diatoms were the richest in species, of which Asterionella formosa, Aulacoseira granulata, Cyclotella meneghiniana, Diatoma tenuis, Fragilaria capucina, F. Pinnata, F. Ulna, Melosira varians, and Stephanodiscus hantzschii constantly dominated. These three groups were accompanied by Dinobryon sertularia, Ceratium hirundinella, and Peridinium inconspicuum.