Wyniki wyszukiwania - BazTech

1

Impact of Sedimentation Supported by Coagulation Process on Effectiveness of Separation of the Solid Phase from Wastewater Stream

Maciołek P., Szymański K., Schmidt R.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2018

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Vol. 19, nr 6

81--87

EN

The objective of this work was to test the impact of coagulant and flocculant at the stage of mechanical wastewater treatment on the wastewater treatment plant operation, performed in the A2O process. In this paper, the principles of correct conduct of coagulation in wastewater treatment have been discussed. It appears from the research performed that significant elimination of BOD5 such as 20÷30%, total suspended matter up to 90%, COD up to 50% and total nitrogen at 30% level was achieved supported by the coagulation process in the pre-settling tanks. Approximately 50% of phosphorus was eliminated after the mechanical part. Additionally, a significant impact of Superfloc flocculant on the effectiveness of the solid phase separation (activated sludge) in the secondary settling tank was noted under diversified flow conditions.

2

Pomiar i rozliczanie zużycia gazu w Niemczech

Schmidt R., Kramer R.

Prace Naukowe Instytutu Nafty i Gazu

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2014

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nr 194

63--74

3

Zastosowanie katalizatora heterogenicznego ZCu w procesie foto-Fentona

Świderska-Dąbrowska R., Schmidt R.

Gaz, Woda i Technika Sanitarna

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2014

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Nr 7

279--283

PL

W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań utleniania fenolu w roztworze wodnym z zastosowaniem katalizatora heterogenicznego, zeolitu modyfikowanego jonami Cu(II) w układzie ZCu + H2O2 + UV. Badania wykazały, że efektywność utleniania fenolu jest wyższa w układzie heterogenicznym w porównaniu do homogenicznego. Przy zastosowaniu katalizatora heterogenicznego ZCu następuje utlenianie fenolu głównie do pirokatechiny i hydrochinonu, a ich stężenia po 60 minutach reakcji są prawie trzykrotnie większe w porównaniu do katalizy homogenicznej. Analiza uzyskanych wyników wskazuje na inny mechanizm utleniania przy zastosowaniu heterogenicznego katalizatora ZCu. Wyniki analiz chromatograficznych potwierdziły, że fenol utlenia się z całkowitym zniszczeniem struktury pierścieniowej do kwasu mrówkowego, który następnie utleniany jest do CO2 i H20.

EN

The paper presents results of research on phenol oxidation in the aąueous solution with application of heterogeneous catalyst, zeolite modified with Cu(II) ions in the ZCu + H2O2 + UV configuration. Results proved that phenol oxidation efficiency is higher in the heterogeneous configuration compared to homogeneous. During application of ZCu heterogeneous catalyst phenol is oxidized mostly to catechol and hydroquinone, and their concentrations, after 60 minutes of reaction time, are almost three times higher, in comparison with homogeneous catalysis. Analysis of obtained results shows different mechanism of oxidation with heterogeneous ZCu catalyst applied. Results of chromatographic analyses proved that phenol is oxidized with complete destruction of ring structure to formic acid, which is next oxidized to CO2 and H20.

4

Wpływ modyfikacji zeolitów na ich właściwości fizykochemiczne

Świderska-Dąbrowska R., Schmidt R.

Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska

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2012

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Tom 14

460--470

EN

Zeolites are crystalline, hydrated aluminosilicates of alkali and alkaline earth metals (Na, K, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba), in which the pore size is 0.3-1.2 nm and depends on the structure of the zeolite. They consist of tetrahedrons of [AlO4]-5- and [SiO4]4-, which make ordered crystal lattice of rings, channels and chambers. Variable degree of oxidation of silicon (IV) and aluminum (III) causes their electronegative character. The size of the charge may determine the adsorption, ion exchange and catalytic capacities of zeolite. The structure made of ring tetrahedron units contains open tunnels, making zeolites also molecular sieves. Zeolites are mostly used for adsorption of ammonium ions from aqueous solutions, removal of radioactive elements and heavy metals, and recent studies suggest the possibility of application of zeolites for removal of chloroorganic compounds and oily pollutants. The most widely used zeolite in practice for water and wastewater treatment is clinoptilolite, which is characterized by large ion exchange and adsorption capacity. Authors of many works explain the adsorption process with ion exchange. But when interpreting the results the authors do not consider that the zeolites have also tunnels that make them also molecular sieves. As a result of ion adsorption on clinoptilolite in hydrogen or sodium form, pH of the solution decreases, resulting in possible formation of electropositive, electronegative complexes and dissociated ions which make up aquaions, increasing or decreasing the effectiveness of their removal. During usage of modified zeolites for the adsorption of ions from aqueous solutions, many accompanying processes take place, such as precipitation, coprecipitation and catalytic adsorption. The influence of the physicochemical properties of natural zeolite and zeolite in the hydrogen form on an aqueous solution in the process of washing out is presented in the paper. Presented results clear prove that the decisive factor affecting the quality of the aqueous solution after the washing out process is initial pH of the solution. Depending on method of modification, physicochemical properties of zeolites can vary considerably. Transformation of natural zeolite into the hydrogen form increases its acidity and physical and chemical resistance. Modification of zeolite with HCl may also increase the content of pure zeolite by dissolution of other, non-zeolite materials. Zeolite H has a greater content of of silicon and aluminum compounds in relation to total mass which is a result of introduction of protons into the zeolite. This is confirmed by lower content of alkali metals and alkaline earth metals (sodium, calcium and potassium) in ZH. Exchange of ions of sodium, potassium, calcium for protons is a result of modification of ZN with HCl. Examination of washing out process showed that there is a small migration of impurities (Fe and Ca) from ZH as compared to ZN. At the same time increase of iron content in the solution increases its turbidity. And also turbidity depends on the initial pH of the solution. It's highest value was observed when the initial pH was equal to 6. Significant increase of turbidity as a function of pH is mainly caused by abrasion of zeolite grains in the process of shaking and by formation of precipitable complexes of iron and calcium. The paper presents also the results of zeta potential measurements. potential of H zeolite in the investigated range of pH has a much higher absolute values compared to ZN and vary in the range from -20 mV to -30 mV. H zeolite has a higher electrostatic activity than natural zeolite. Potential creating ions such as H+ and OH- have decisive influence on the zeolite surface charge.

5

Usuwanie Cu(II) i Ni(II) na modyfikowanym klinoptylolicie

Schmidt R., Anielak A. M.

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2011

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T. 90, nr 4

602-605

6

Paradygmat rozwoju systemów okablowania przemysłowego

Schmidt R.

Pomiary Automatyka Robotyka

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2011

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R. 15, nr 3

44-45

PL

Dostarczane przez firmę HARTING okablowanie przemysłowe o gigabitowych możliwościach transmisji i dostosowane do przyszłych wymagań użytkowników jest istotnym krokiem w kierunku zbliżenia automatyki przemysłowej do technologii IT. Jako przykład wskazać można system HARTING Ha-VIS preLink, umożliwiający przejście z okablowania "ad-hoc" na okablowanie strukturalne.

7

200 years of land - use change and gully erosion : a case study from Małopolska, SE Poland

Schmidt R., Heinrich J.

Landform Analysis

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2011

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Vol. 17

167-171

EN

Loess areas are highly affected by human impact since the Neolithic revolution. Within the study in Małopolska we assess the impact of land-use changes on geomorphological processes for the last 200 years. Phases of deforestation and a subsequent intensive agricultural use can be correlated with the appearance of gully erosion.

8

Właściwości fizykochemiczne zeolitu modyfikowanego jonami żelaza

Świderska-Dąbrowska R., Schmidt R., Sikora A.

Inżynieria Ekologiczna

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2011

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Nr 24

195-204

PL

W dobie wzrastającego zanieczyszczenia środowiska naturalnego istotne jest poszu-kiwanie coraz efektywniejszych metod ich usuwania. W szczególności zastosowanie tanich i łatwo dostępnych katalizatorów "proekologicznych" - naturalnych zeolitów, pozwala na intensyfikację wielu procesów, a ponadto nie są wnoszone do środowiska dodatkowe zanieczyszczenia. Szerokie zastosowanie naturalnych zeolitów - uwodnionych glinokrzemianów, wynika z ich wyjątkowej struktury przestrzennej, nadającej im właściwości molekularno-sitowe, jonowymienne i sorpcyjne oraz dużą aktywność katalityczną. Ich powierzchnię można łatwo modyfikować jonami metali. Stąd mogą one być z powodzeniem stosowane jako heterogeniczny katalizator w procesie Fentona, do utleniania zanieczyszczeń organicznych w wodzie i ściekach. W pracy opisano właściwości fizykochemiczne zeolitu naturalnego modyfikowanego jonami żelaza (II), który następnie poddano prażeniu w temperaturze 450°C. W wyniku modyfikacji ziarna zeolitu pokryte zostały czerwonobrunatnymi tlenkami żelaza (III), które stanowiły ok. 5% masy zeolitu. Powstała powłoka była stabilna mechanicznie i chemicznie - do roztworu przechodziły niewielkie ilości Fe, nie przekraczające 70 /

EN

Currently, when the pollution of natural environment increases, the search for more effective methods of pollutant removal is essential. Application of cheap and easy to get pro-ecological catalysts - natural zeolites - allows to intensify many processes. These minerals do not bring any additional pollutant to the environment. Wide application of natural zeolites, the hydrated alumino-silicates results from their unique spatial structure. Such structure of zeolites gives them molecular sieve properties, ionic exchange and sorption properties, and high catalytic activity. The surface of zeolites can be easily modified with metal ions, therefore they can be used as heterogeneous catalyst in the Fenton process. In this paper physicochemical properties of natural zeolites modified with Fe(II) ions, calcinated at 450°C are presented. As a result of modification, zeolite grains were covered by red-seal iron (III) oxides, which were about 5% of zeolite mass. Coating was mechanically and chemically stable -from zeolite to solution leached only small amounts of Fe, not exceeding 70 /

9

Występowanie substancji chloroorganicznych w wodzie po procesie utleniania oraz możliwości ich analizy

Schmidt R.

Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska

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2009

|

Tom 11

837-848

EN

Chromatographic analysis GC makes several problems during optimisation and separation of analysed substances. Programming of temperature increase,temperature of feeder and temperature of detector are the most common problems. Than it is neccesary to take into consideration other factors, which will have significant impact on retention time, selectivity of separation of analysed compounds or retention index. The chosen results of the research into the influence of various oxidants on forms and quantity of the occurrence of THM, MX-THAT and the Purgeable Halogenoacetic acids in drinking water have been presented in this paper. As a result of conducted research the influence of chemical composition of water, a dose and a sort of applied oxidant on the quantity of the formed chlororganic substances has been shown. It also has been shown that these substances are also formed as a result of oxidation with compounds not containing chlorine.According to the form of the occurring chlororganic compounds and their concentrationafter hydrogen dioxide oxidation, various toxic compounds are possible to beformed. They are cancerogenic and mutagenic ones. The concentration of by-products of oxidation depends on the presence anda sort of precursors, a sort of disinfectant, temperature, season, time of contact and reactionof solution. The kinds and quantity of oxidation by-products also depend on a kindof oxidant and the concentration of the catalyst. Such catalysts in natural waters areinorganic compounds. The capabilities of their quantification using gas chromatographyhave also been presented.Analysis of real samples showed high repeatability and accuracy of conducteddeterminations. Such analysis required accurate sample purification and comparison ofthree extractants because of high concentration of high molecular substances (fulvic acids).

10

Zastosowanie osadów żelazowych do utleniania ftalanów w procesie Fentona

Świderska-Dąbrowska R., Piaskowski K., Schmidt R.

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2008

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T. 87, nr 5

587-589

11

Wpływ chlorków na powstawanie substancji chloroorganicznych w procesie utleniania kwasów fulwowych

Anielak A. M., Grzegorczuk M., Schmidt R.

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2008

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T. 87, nr 5

404-407

12

Produkty procesu utleniania kwasów fulwowych chloranem(l) sodu i dioksydanem

Anielak A. M., Grzegorczuk M., Schmidt R.

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2008

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T. 87, nr 6

702-706

13

Walidacja metod analitycznych chemicznych i mikrobiologicznych

Schmidt R., Michna D.

Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska

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2007

|

Tom 9

239-257

PL

Jednym z podstawowych kierunków rozwojowych analityki i monitoringu zanieczyszczeń środowiska jest dążenie do oznaczania coraz mniejszych stężeń składnika w próbkach o złożonej matrycy. Tego typu zadanie jest wielkim wyzwaniem dla analityków i wymaga zwrócenia uwagi na kontrolę i zapewnienie jakości wyników badań [4÷6, 17, 19, 20]. Dokładność oznaczeń można osiągnąć stosując proces walidacji metody analitycznej z różnymi matrycami [3, 7, 22, 23, 28]. Walidacja metody jest procesem ustalenia czy charakterystyki techniczne metody analitycznej są odpowiednie do zamierzonego celu. Dla uzyskania najbardziej wiarygodnych wyników należy przeanalizować metodykę badawczą, w tym procedurę przygotowywania i pobierania próbek. Ważność metody można zweryfikować tylko poprzez badania międzylaboratoryjne [5, 11, 13, 14, 18, 29, 30, 37]. W skład procedury oszacowania jakości wchodzą zazwyczaj następujące elementy: kontrola i ocena dokładności uzyskiwanych wyników poprzez okresowe analizowanie próbek kontrolnych, ocena dokładności metody poprzez: analizę próbek certyfikowanych materiałów odniesienia, porównanie uzyskanych wyników z wynikami uzyskanymi dla tej samej próbki przy zastosowaniu metody odniesienia, wykonanie analiz próbek po dodaniu do nich wzorca, przeprowadzenie porównawczych badań miedzylaboratoryjnych, stosowanie kart kontrolnych, stosowanie odpowiedniego systemu rewizji (auditingu). Ponieważ brak jest dokładnej metodyki przeprowadzenia procesu walidacji metody badawczej dlatego celem pracy jest przedstawienie możliwości przeprowadzenia walidacji z zastosowaniem zarówno metod chemicznych jak i mikrobiologicznych.

EN

One of the basic developmental directions of the environment pollution analytics and monitoring is aspiration to determination more and more small concentrations of components in samples with complex matrix. This type of problem is great challenge for analysts and requires turning attention to control and assurance of the quality of investigations results. Accuracy of analysis may be reached by applying process of the validation of the analytic method with various matrices. Validation of method is the process of settlement if technical profile of analytic methods are suitable for the intended aim. In order to obtain the most reliable results research methodology, including procedure of preparing and taking the samples, should be analysed. Validity of method may be verified only by interlaboratory investigations. Procedure of quality estimation usually consists of following elements: o control and evaluation of gained results accuracy by periodical analysing of control samples, o evaluation of method accuracy by: analysis of samples of certified reference materials, comparison of gained results with results obtained for the same sample using reference method, analyse of samples after addition of standard, execution of comparative interlaboratory analyses, application of supervisory cards, application of suitable system of inspection (auditing). Three parameters are inseparably connected with validation of analytic method: o limit of detection (LOD), recommended bottom level of this parameter value is triple value of standard deviation for given method, o reliable detection limit (RDL) - its value should be at least six-time value of standard deviation, o limit of quantitation (LOQ) that is value recognized as the smallest reliable (on the level of probability at least 99%) result of determination using given method. Its value should be between 9 and 10s (s - standard deviation). Validation of chemical and microbiological methods includes testing essential characteristic features of the method. Laboratory, in order to fulfil suitable criteria, should set up, apply, keep and develop quality system, proper for the range of its activity with regard to all undertaken activities and kinds of investigations. Quality system in the laboratory should be suitable for kind and quantity of executed investigations. During samples analysis data should be validated. This process includes both documentation and control of inviolability and idnetifibility of data.

14

Implementation of continuum damage in elasto- viscoplastic constitutive equations

Ambroziak A., Kłosowski P., Nowicki M., Schmidt R.

TASK Quarterly : scientific bulletin of Academic Computer Centre in Gdansk

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2006

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Vol. 10, No 2

207-220

EN

Modelling of the continuum damage framework, is developed for application in the elasto-viscoplastic Chaboche constitutive model. A brief description of the basic variant of the Chaboche model equations is given, followed by a discussion of the most important assumptions necessary to obtain evolution of the continuum damage model and its appli-cation to the open FE commercial program. A consistent presentation of the two proposed approaches is followed by numerical examples.

15

NMR Analysis of a Rigid Carbohydrate Structural Motif

Geyer A., Hummel G., Reinhardt S., Schmidt R.

Polish Journal of Chemistry

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1999

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vol. 73 nr 1

181-192

EN

Several Lewis glycolipds were characterized by homo- and heteronuclear NMR methods. The experimental NOE data served as restraints in molecular dynamics simulations. The common structural motif was mimicked by a tetrasaccharide building block with a central trehalose moiety.

16

Efficient synthesis of lactoneo series antigen lewis Y (LeY)

Hummel G., Schmidt R.

Polish Journal of Chemistry

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1999

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vol. 73 nr 6

941-954

EN

The synthesis of glycosphingolipid Lewis Y (1) could be efficiently carried out, based on the connection of building blocks 2-7. Reaction of fucosyl donor 2 with azidoglucose derivative 4 as acceptor gave a(1-3)-linked disaccharide 8, which was transformed to acceptor 9; ensuing reaction with galactosyl donor 3 furnished Lewis X trisaccharide derivative 10. This compound could be transformed into the LeY hexasaccharide 16 either via transformation into glycosyl donor 12, connection with lactose moiety 5, and then reaction with fucosyl donor 2a, or, alternatively by transformation of 10 into acceptor 18, reaction with fucosyl donor 2, and then attachments of lactose moiety 5. Application ot the azidosphingosine glycosylation procedure to 16, i.e. first transformation into O-acyl protected hexaosyl donor 33, then reaction eith azidosphingosine 6 and fatty acid (7), and finally O-acyl deprotection, afforded target molecule 1 in high purity.

17

Theory and Numerical Simulation of Nonlinear Vibration Control of Arches with Piezoelectric Distributed Actuators

Chróścielewski J., Kłosowski P., Schmidt R.

Machine Dynamics Problems

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1998

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Vol. 20

73-90

EN

This paper addresses the geometrically nonlinear theory and analysis of laminated structures, in particular arches, consisting of a master structure with intregrated thin piezoelectric layers for static and dynamic response control. The problems considered include shifting of bifurcation points, limit points, eigenfrequencies, and eigenvectors, as well as vibration control for loading conditions which may lead to dynamic loss of stability. Special attention is paid to the influence of bifurcation and limit points on the nonlinear transient response due to step loads and impulsive loads.