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Hydrothermal carbonization processes to increase the transportability of plant biomasses

Schlegel M., Ibrahim B., Fras J., Kanswohl N., Zosel J.

Research in Logistics & Production

2018

Vol. 8, No. 2

169--178

Plant biomasses often have high water content and their energy and material density is too low, which significantly affects their high transport costs. Hydrothermal carbonization is a suitable method to increase the transportability of these biomasses. The produced biochar (HTC-char) is rich in carbon. Disadvantages of such carbonization process are the quality fluctuations of the biochars produced. This is also because there are to date no suitable measuring methods for the carbonization process. The paper presents a novel method, which will help to influence the carbonization process in the sense of qualitatively equivalent biochars by means of the achievable data therewith.

Logistical Advantages Due to the Use of an Innovative Sensor Unit for Controlling Optimum Biogas Processes

Schlegel M., Fras J., Geick T., Zosel J., Schelter M., Kritzner A., Orth M., Ibrahim B., Kanswohl N.

Research in Logistics & Production

2016

Vol. 6, No. 5

407--418

For imaging of the biogas process fast and long-term stable measurement methods misses for certain parts of the process. Thus, it is necessary to know the development of organic acids. These metabolites, which are generated during the bacterial degradation, are important indicators. The process is generally very confusing, not only in terms of the number of occurring bacteria and chemical compounds, but also their variabilities. For the knowledge of such changes a direct, low-wear and permanent monitoring of organic acids would be extremely useful. Upon the occurrence of a change like hyperacidity we could react quickly. There are already some proven methods. However, these methods have several disadvantages: the information gathering is logistically difficult by long journeys, by process conditions information’s are delayed and distorted, quickly worn sensors, etc. Therefore, a innovative development is presented here, which avoids all the disadvantages listed. The sensor unit has been developed in cooperation with KSI Meinberg, Logic Way Schwerin, IBZ Hohen Luckow, University of Rostock and a polish colleague. According to Raoult law a characteristic is used in principle, which is typical of some liquid and gaseous media that are touching. This means volatile substances, which for example, are also in the fermenter broth, among others organic acids, are also detectable in the gaseous phase. If in the gas phase such acids can be detected, conclusions about the acid content in the substrate broth are possible. In different experiments evaluable matches between the developments of organic acids on the one hand in the liquid phase (broth) and on the other hand, in the gaseous phase were found. These results are based on an acid sensor unit with which distant standing biogas plants can be controlled remotely. A project regarding this topic is supported by research programme ZIM. Project executing organization is AiF (Arbeitsgemeinschaft industrieller Forschungsvereinigungen “Otto von Guericke” e.V.).

Measurement and simulation of plasma and shielding gas flows in welding arcs

Dorner K., Fussel U., Schnick M., Zschetzsche J., Guth U., Zosel J.

Systems : journal of transdisciplinary systems science

2006

Vol. 11, nr 1

16-21

Gas flows in welding processes were investigated by Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) as a non intrusive optical method, which enables flow investigations with relatively high spatial and temporal resolution by photographing a two-dimensional flow field twice within a short time interval. The main problem of overexposure of the pictures by the arc radiation can be circumvented by reducing the exposure time below 100 ns and filtering the light at all wavelengths differing from the wavelength of the flashing laser beam more than 3 nm. Magnesium oxide powder with particle size of d < 1 um was used as tracer. The measuring system can be used for optimising the flows of arc- and plasma processes. In combination with a trigger actuation signal the PIV system is able to visualise transient processes like MAG welding or pulsed arc welding. The experimental results are compared with that of numerical analysis based on a newly developed model.