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Seawater temperature changes in the southern Baltic Sea (1959–2019) forced by climate change

Zalewska Tamara, Wilman Bartłomiej, Łapeta Bożena, Marosz Michał, Biernacik Dawid, Wochna Agnieszka, Saniewski Michał, Grajewska Agnieszka, Iwaniak Michał

Oceanologia

2024

Vol. 66 (1)

37--55

The study included the analysis of changes in sea surface and water column temperature and air temperature in the years 1959–2019 in the southern Baltic Sea based on in situ measurement (CTD probe), satellite data, and model data (ERA5). SST increased on average by 0.6°C per decade. Analyses at different depths showed that the highest temperature increase per decade at 0.60–0.65°C characterised the layers from 0 to 20 m. The smallest increase (0.11°C) was recorded at a depth of 70 m, below which the temperature change per decade increases again to 0.24°C. The results from satellite observations covering 1982–2019 were consistent with measurement data. The most intense water warming occured in the spring – summer (0.8–1°C per decade); in the winter, the change did not exceed 0.2°C. In the offshore area, in 1951–2020, air temperature increased by approx. 2°C, with an average increase of 0.37°C per decade. The average increase in seawater temperature in the coastal zone was 0.2°C per decade. The most intense warming characterised March to May (0.25–0.27°C). The average annual air temperature increase on the coast from 1951 to 2020 was 0.34°C per decade. The results represent an important contribution to research and prediction of changes in the marine environment caused by global climate change.

Monitoring the 11 August 2017 storm in central Poland with satellite data and products

Łapeta Bożena, Kuligowska Elżbieta, Murzyn Paulina, Struzik Piotr

Meteorology Hydrology and Water Management. Research and Operational Applications

2022

Vol. 10, Iss. 2

38--59

This paper presents the evolution of the mesoscale convection system as seen on satellite images during all stages: pre-convection, initiation, and maturity. The evolution of any atmospheric phenomenon can be monitored effectively only when the data available have adequate temporal and spatial resolution. In case of convective storms the resolution should be minutes and kilometers. Therefore, data from the METEOSAT geostationary satellite, with 5-minute and 15-minute intervals were used operationally to monitor the storm of 11 August 2017; this was a most destructive storms, concentrated in several districts of the Pomeranian, Greater Poland, and Kuyavian-Pomeranian voivodeships. Analysis demonstrated that some alarming features, like cold rings or cold U/V shapes, can be visible on the single channel satellite images, without even referring to specific convective products. However, the nowcasting of the convective phenomena requires careful analysis of several dedicated products, including stability indices and water vapor content in the troposphere. It has been shown that with comprehensive analysis of the information provided by the different satellite images and satellite derived products, it is possible to draw conclusions about the severity of the observed storms as well as the probability of the occurrence of the extreme weather at the ground.