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1

Impact of the 2014 Major Baltic Inflow on benthic fluxes of ferrous iron and phosphate below the permanent halocline in the southern Baltic Sea

Brocławik O., Łukawska-Matuszewska K., Bolałek J.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2018

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Vol. 47, No. 3

275--287

EN

The impact of 2014 Major Baltic Inflow (MBI) on ferrous iron (FFe(II)) and phosphate (FPO43–) benthic fluxes was investigated. Sampling took place few months after the MBI, in August 2015, and over one year after the inflow, in February 2016. Materials were collected from three sites (depth of 106–108 m) located in the Gdańsk Deep. Total dissolved iron, Fe(II), phosphate, H2S and sulfate were analyzed in bottom and pore water. Benthic fluxes were estimated using Fick’s first law. All fluxes were directed from sediment. FFe(II) ranged from 0.31 × 10–2 to 1.25 × 10–2 μmol m–2 hr–1 and FPO43– from 1.53 to 2.70 μmol m–2 hr–1. At the deepest site, FPO43– was similar in both seasons, while at two other sites fluxes in August 2015 were 40–50% smaller than in February 2016. The increase in bottom water oxygen after the MBI enhanced Fe(oxyhydr)oxides formation. As a consequence, bottom and pore water concentrations of Fe(II) and FFe(II), decreased. Adsorption of phosphate onto Fe(oxyhydr)oxides resulted in binding of P in surface sediment and lower FPO43– in August 2015. This was particularly evident at the shallowest site. The reductive dissolution of Fe(oxyhydr)oxides and desorption of P during the subsequent months resulted in higher FPO43– in February 2016.

2

Biological factor controlling methane production in surface sediment in the Polish part of the Vistula Lagoon

Reindl A. R., Bolałek J.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2017

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Vol. 46, No. 2

223--230

EN

Due to the limited water exchange, lagoons are particularly prone to eutrophication. The consumption of oxygen in this process, coupled with simultaneous enrichment of bottom sediments with organic matter, reinforces the occurrence of anaerobic conditions and methanogenic growth. Methanogenic archaea activities cause depolymerization of organic compounds accumulated in sediments. As a result of such ecosystem transformation, methane might be produced and emitted from this basin. Chemical studies conducted in 2010 were focused on methane content in the surface bottom sediments in the Polish part of the Vistula Lagoon. The results showed that the highest methane concentration occurs in the southwestern part of this basin (6.45 mmol dm-3), while the lowest one in the southeastern part (7.1 × 10-3 mmol dm-3). Molecular studies were focused on specific methanogenic archaea gene identification. The comparison of nucleotide sequences of “mcrA gene” clones obtained from genomic DNA isolated from the Vistula Lagoon sediments indicates a similarity to the yet uncultivated archaea, but also to archaea from the Methanosarcinales and Methanomicrobiales orders.

3

Aspects of Pollution in Gdansk and Gdynia Harbours at the Coastal Zone of the South Baltic Sea

Radke B., Piketh S., Wasik A., Namieśnik J., Dembska G., Bolałek J.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2013

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Vol. 7, no. 1

11--18

EN

Organotin compounds (OTC), as well as metals, are toxic to many organisms. Even at very low concentrations OTC and metals can have several negative effects. The paper discusses key issues relating to the location of harbours in the coastal zone (including near the river mouths and semi‐closed access to the sea) and the pollution of harbour sediments with heavy metals (e.g. zinc, copper, nickel and lead) and organotin derivatives (e.g. butyltin, phenyltin, octyltin, and tricyclohexyltin), using the examples of the Gdańsk and Gdynia ports. The authors have described key spatial factors of the two ports which largely determine sedimentation processes. It has been shown that the heavy metals content in the sediments of the Port of Gdańsk does not exceed the concentration values permitted by Polish law, however, the problem with the establishment of standard concentration levels for organotin derivatives remains.

4

Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the marine food web: herrings from the southern Baltic Sea (Clupea harengus) - penguins from the zoo (Spheniscus demersus)

Reindl A. R., Bolałek J., Falkowska L.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2013

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Vol. 42, No. 1

51-58

EN

The aim of this project was to study the fate of chemically persistent organochlorine xenobiotics in the marine link of the food web, between penguins and herrings (Clupea harengus), which are the only food for Spheniscus demersus from the Gdańsk Zoo. Concentrations of hexachlorobenzene (HCBz), pentachlorobenzene (PCBz), trichlorobenzene (TCBz) and the .- HCH isomer were determined in Baltic herrings, in muscles, fat and liver of penguins, unhatched eggs, contour feathers and guano. The highest concentrations of fungicides were observed for HCBz. Fungicides were not detected in the liver of penguins and herrings. The bioaccumulation factor (BAF) for fungicides reached the highest values in the penguin brain. The highest biomagnification factor (BMF) for PCBz was determined in the muscle tissue and for lindane – in liver. It was confirmed that detoxification of penguins occurred through deposition of fungicides and lindane in guano and through epithelial tissue and eggs.

5

Geochemical and acoustic evidence for the occurrence of methane in sediments of the Polish sector of the southern Baltic Sea

Brodecka A., Majewski P, Bolałek J., Klusek Z.

Oceanologia

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2013

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No. 55 (4)

951--978

EN

This paper presents the results of geochemical and acoustic investigations of sediments in the Polish sector of the southern Baltic Sea. Its objective was to indicate areas of gas bubble formation and the occurrence of methane. Over 3000 nautical miles of transects were recorded using a variety of hydroacoustic instruments, and five coring points were selected for further analyses of pore waters (CH4, SO4-2, H2S, NH4+, total alkalinity) and sediments (grain size distribution, Corg, Ntot, LOI and WC). Gas turned out to be present at shallow depths in different forms such as recent and buried pockmarks, and gas-saturated sediments (including gas pockets and seepages). It was found that methane was widespread in the sediments of the study area, both in the surface sediments, e.g. in the vicinity of the Hel Peninsula or in the central Gulf of Gdańsk, and in deeper sediment layers, e.g. in the Gdańsk Deep and the Słupsk Furrow. Chemical analysis showed that as a result of the rapid decomposition of organic matter, sulphates were depleted in the top 20 cm layer of sediments and that methane was produced at relatively shallow depths (in some areas even at depths of 20-30 cm bsf) compared to other regions of the Baltic, reaching concentrations of >6 mmol l-1 in the 30-40 cm layer below the sediment surface. The sulphate-methane transition zone (SMTZ) was 4-37 cm thick and was situated in the uppermost 50 cm of the sediments.

6

Sulfur in the marine environment

Jasińska A., Burska D., Bolałek J.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2012

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Vol. 41, No. 2

72-81

EN

Sulfur is an element commonly occurring in the environment. It is present in the atmosphere, in the hydrosphere, and in live organisms; it is one of the most important physicochemical and geological indicators. Depending on the natural conditions, sulfur compounds in the environment may play the role of electron acceptor or donor in the redox processes. These compounds influence the ion concentration and ion balance in benthic sediments. They also determine the speciation, bioavailability and toxicity of heavy metals. Comprehensive knowledge of the processes mediated by sulfur can be a valuable source of information about the past and present state of the ecosystem.

7

Methanogenic Microbial Communities in Sediment From the Coastal Area of Puck Bay (Southern Baltic)

Reindl A. R., Bolałek J.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2012

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Vol. 41, No. 3

33-39

EN

In this work, data on methanogenic Archaea communities in sediment from the coastal area of Puck Bay were investigated. Sediments were collected along the Hel Peninsula from areas characterized by the occurrence of gas bubbles. Based on the analysis of molecular markers, the presence of a specific methanogenic Archaea gene was detected at all stations. Further research involved the cloning and sequencing of methanogenic DNA. Based on the comparison of obtained genetic sequences with existing genetic databases, it was confirmed that all of the nucleotide sequences belonged to the domain Archaea. Furthermore, in the investigated sediment certain sequences had certain similarities to the sequences of organisms from the families Methanosarcinaceae, Methanospirillaceae and Methanocorpusculaceae.

8

Methane flux from sediment into near-bottom water in the coastal area of the Puck Bay (Southern Baltic)

Reindl A. R., Bolałek J.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2012

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Vol. 41, No. 3

40-47

EN

This work presents the results of the study on methane emission from the sea bottom in the coastal zone of Puck Bay. The investigations were conducted from June through September 2010 at seven sampling sites located along the Hel Peninsula. The research results indicate that the methane flux rates vary periodically. Methane emission from seabed into near-bottom water in the coastal zone of Puck Bay along the Hel Peninsula ranged from 0.91 mmol m-2 d-1 to 49.15 mmol m-2 d-1.

9

The MicrotoxŽ biological test: Application in toxicity evaluation of surface waters and sediments in Poland

Niemirycz E., Nichthauser J., Staniszewska M., Nałęcz-Jawecki G., Bolałek J.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2007

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Vol. 36, No.4

151-163

EN

Research into the suitability of MicrotoxŽ for the evaluation of toxicity of surface waters and bottom sediments in Poland was conducted. Water bodies of various pollution levels were tested, including the Odra River and its tributaries, the Lower Vistula River, the Kashubian Lake District and the Gulf of Gdańsk, using a MicrotoxŽ Model 500 analyser (Mierobies Corporation, USA). The majority of tested surface water samples were found to be apparently non-toxie. However, 75% of the bottom sediment samples were found to be highly toxic (EC50<2%). These results indicate that the MicrotoxŽ test is suitable for evaluating the toxicity of bottom sediments, in which pollutants tend to accumulate. It seems, however, that MicrotoxŽ lacks the sensitivity to be of use in analyzing water quality. The relationship between the toxicity of analysed sediments and their organic content was examined.

10

Spatial distribution of labile and total forms of copper and zinc in sediments from the Port of Gdansk

Radke B., Dembska G., Aftanas B., Kowalczyk A., Bolałek J.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2007

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Vol. 36, No.4

79-89

EN

Sediment cores were collected from a number of sites in the Port of Gdansk in 1997 and 1998. The samples were segregated by depth then dried, homogenised and sieved into four grain size fractions (>2.00 mm, 2.00 - 0.063 mm, 0.063 - 0.032 mm, and 0.032 mm) Small-grained sand with a low admixture of silt predominated in all samples, whilst the amount of organie matter and water varied between samples. The 2.00 - 0.063 mm size fraction was the most abundant; and also showed the highest accumulation of trace metals. In the <2.00 mm size fraction the mean concentration of labile forms of copper was 9.06 mg kg"1 DW, while the concentration of total forms was 12.73 mg kg'1 DW. The mean concentrations of labile and total forms of zinc in this fraction were 31.79 and 46.27 mg kg"1 DW, respectively. The widest ranges of concentrations for both labile and total forms of the metals were found in the near-surface sediment layers (0-20 cm). Sediments collected from highly industrialized locations contained the highest concentrations of metals.

11

Distribution of migration (state) forms of microelements in the sediments of the ports of Klaipeda and Gdańsk

Pustelnikovas O., Dembska G., Szefer P., Radke B., Bolałek J.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2007

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Vol. 36, No.4

129-149

EN

During investigations of the Baltic Sea basin significant differences have become manifest in the distribution of certain chemical elements in different chains of the geo (-eco) system (soils, river, lagoon and marine sediments). This paper presents data on the quantitative relationships of elements resulting from interactions of natural sedimentation processes and the possible human impact on the sediments from two port areas. The total (T), lithogenic (LG; stable) and hydrogenic (HG; mobile, reactive) migration forms of Zn, Cr, Cd, Cu, Pb and Ni were analysed. The HG component comprises that pool of the elements contained in readily degrading minerals increases in this form potentially being an indicator of adverse human impacts. The distribution of total forms depends on the quantity of the sediment fraction with grain size < 0.063 mm (fr. < 0.063 mm) and on the concentration of organic content (Corg). With increasing sediment depth, the concentration of elements decreases sharply, although HG concentrations were seen to increase on several occasions. One explanation for such findings is the mineralisation and decomposition of metals from the remnants of biological activities of organisms (pellets, globules) into the sediments. Element concentrations in the natural sedimentation zone (NSZ) of the marine-influenced North Port at Gdańsk are less than in the NSZ and technogenic sedimentation zone (TSZ) of the riverine part of the port of Gdańsk. The ratios between HG, LG and T in the two sedimentation zones are different for different elements, but are always higher in the TSZ than in the NSZ. Multi-site analyses of the port basins allowed NSZ and TSZ to be distinguished. The TSZ is typified by anomalous concentrations of elements, the specific distribution of their migration forms, the semi-stagnant conditions prevailing there and the proximity of human impact sources. The data presented in this paper indicate that the concentrations of only some of the elements in the TSZ sediments of the ports of Klaipeda and Gdańsk exceed the permitted norms for spoil dredged from port basins. By no means can the total load of elements contained in the spoil dumped at sea be treated as an indicator of marine pollution. For an objective assessment of the real pollution threat to port environments, detailed investigations of the various migration forms of chemical elements need to be carried out, and previously established levels revised.

12

Udział formy labilnej i całkowitej wybranych metali w osadach Portu Gdańskiego

Bolałek J., Radke B.

Przegląd Komunalny

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2006

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nr 9

78-79

PL

Ze względu na duże skupienie przemysłu w obrębie kanałów portowych osady denne z tego rejonu charakteryzują się wysokimi stężeniami pierwiastków śladowych. W celu utrzymania bezpieczeństwa nawigacyjnego portu należy regularnie usuwać nagromadzone namuły (zwane urobkiem czerpalnym) i składować je na wyznaczonych do tego celu obszarach (na lądzie lub w morzu). W przypadku obszarów morskich miejsca te zwane są klapowiskami.

13

Porewater nutrients (phosphate, ammonia and silicate) in the eastern part of the southern Baltic Sea

Graca B., Witek Z., Burska D., Białkowska I., Pawelec A., Bolałek J.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2006

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Vol. 35, No.3

237-256

EN

In the present work, results of studies concerning phosphate, ammonia and silicate in porewaters of the eastern part of the southern Baltic sediments are presented. A strong interaction was observed between the investigated compound concentrations and the sea bottom type, defined by means of the sediment water content (W) and loss on ignition (LOI) values. High concentrations and an exponential increase in concentration downwards in the sediment depth profile was observed in regions named here transport/accumulation bottom (LOI?4%, W?50%). Lower concentrations and irregular changes in concentration with depth occurred in regions designated as erosion bottom type (LOI<4, W<50%). Only in areas under strong anthropogenic influence (Vistula river mouth, the vicinity of Gdynia harbour), in the erosion type bottom concentration periodically raised to the level observed in the transport/accumulation bottom areas. The mass of nutrients accumulated in porewaters in the 10 cm thick layer of surface sediments of the Gulf of Gdańsk in September 2000 was estimated to be 910 t P-PO43-, 2780 t N-NH4+ and 5430 t DSi, while in March/April of 2001 estimated values equalled 908 t P-PO43-, 1860 t N-NH4+ and 3080 t DSi. In the erosion bottom areas, approximately 12 t, 210 t and 650 t of P-PO43-, N-NH4+ and DSi, respectively, were flushed out of the sediments during the intensive autumn-winter mixing.

14

The occurrence of total and labile forms of lead and nickel in the sediments of the Port of Gdańsk

Radke B., Dembska G., Aftanas B., Bolałek J.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2004

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Vol. 33, No. 2

41--56

EN

Sediment samples collected in 1997 and 1998 from the Wiślane, Obrońców Poczty Polskiej or Siarkowe (Sulfur), Oliwskie and Paliw Płynnych (Liquid Fuels) quays were sorted into four grain size fractions, i.e., <2.00 mm; 2.00 - 0.063 mm; 0.063 - 0.032 mm; <0.032 mm. It was determined that the sediments in the port area are small-grained sands with a small admixture of silt. The analyzed benthic sediments contained different amounts of organic matter and displayed varying water content. The mean contents of the labile form of lead and its total concentration in the grain size fraction <2.00 mm were 6.4 mg.kg –1 d.w. and 11.4 mg.kg –1 d.w., respectively. These values for nickel were 2.9 mg.kg –1 d.w. for the labile form and 7.1 mg.kg –1 d.w. for total concentration. The widest range of values was noted in the sediment surface layer (0-20 cm) for total concentration and labile forms. Sediments collected from locations close to the Gulf of Gdansk (e.g., Liquid Fuels Quay) and from areas with low industrial activity (e.g., Sulfur Quay) exhibited Pb and Ni concentrations which were many times lower than those in other areas of the port which were investigated.

15

Pathways and determinations of organometallic compounds in the marine environment with a particular emphasis on organotin

Radke B., Namieśnik J., Bolałek J.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2003

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Vol. 32, No. 3

43-71

EN

Organometallic compounds are widely used in almost all sectors of industry. Some organometallic compounds are very potent toxins. Human activity releases organometallic compounds into the natural environment where they undergo various changes through compoundenvironment interactions. These compounds have a negative impact on living organisms. The most widespread, man-made organometallic compounds present in the natural environment are those of tin, mercury and lead.

16

Interdependence between phosphorus forms in sediments and iron in interstitial waters in the Gulf of Gdańsk

Matuszewska K., Białkowska I., Bolałek J.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2003

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Vol. 32, No. 1

5-14

EN

The content of various phosphorus forms in sediments and the content of iron in interstitial waters were measured in sediment samples collected in the Gulf of Gdańsk in March 2001. The studies showed that the greatest amounts of the total phosphorus and total dissolved iron were present in the uppermost sediment layer, and their respective concentrations ranged from 203.99 žmol g-1 d.w. to 1894.02 μmol g-1 d.w., and from 0.02 μmol dm-3 to 4.68 μmol dm-3. The contents of these parameters were directly connected with the type of sediment – the greatest concentrations were measured in fine sediments. The analysis of multiple correlation coefficients demonstrated that in over 90% of cases the concentration of phosphorus bound with iron depended on: the sediment type and its humidity, the content of organic matter, and the concentration of the total iron dissolved in the interstitial waters.

17

Temporal variations in phosphorus species in the surface layer of bottom sediments from the Gulf of Gdańsk - preliminary research

Graca B., Bolałek J.

Oceanological Studies

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2000

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Vol. 29, No. 4

55-66

EN

Temporal variations in phosphorus species [total phosphorus (Ptot), organic phosphorus (Porg), total inorganic phosphorus (Pmin), phosphorus bound to calcium (PCa), aluminium (PAl) and iron (PFe)] were studied in the surface layer of bottom sediments from the Gulf of Gdańsk. These changes were caused mainly by variability in Porg, PAl and PFe concentrations and were closely related to the growth cycle in the basin. The phosphorus concentration was higher in the spring and summer (April - September) that in the autumn and winter (November-March). For much of the year concentrations of Pmin were higher than those of organic phosphorus. The prevalent form of inorganic phosphorus was PCa, whose concentrations exceeded those of iron- and aluminium-bound phosphorus.

18

Distribution of the Fe (II) and Fe (III) dissolved in the interstitial water of the Gulf of Gdańsk

Białkowska I., Bolałek J.

Oceanological Studies

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2000

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Vol. 29, No. 4

43-54

EN

A sediment environment of the Gulf of Gdańsk is reductive to the iron (III). The iron (II) is a dominant form of this element in the interstitial water, and a total reduction takes place in a sediment layer of up to 20 cm. A speciation of a dissolved iron as well as a total iron concentration is related to types of sediments in a measuring point. It could also be noted that a concentration of each iron form in the above-bottom water layer is much lower than in the interstitial water of the top sediment layer. To illustrate redox conditions in the environment a ratio Fe(III) : Fe(II) was introduced. In the waters, the iron (III) dominates and the Fe(III) : Fe(II) ratio is much higher than the relevant value in the interstitial water.

19

The occurrence and activity of sulphate-reducing bacteria in the bottom - sediments of the Gulf of Gdańsk

Mudryk Z. J., Podgórska B., Ameryk A., Bolałek J.

Oceanologia

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2000

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No. 42 (1)

105-117

EN

The paper presents the results of investigations concerning the number, distribution and physiological activity of sulphate-reducing bacteria (SRB) inhabiting the bottom sediments of the Gulf of Gdansk. The numbers of this group of bacteria range between 0.76 x 103 and 1.27 x 104 cells per g wet sediment. The bacterial sulphate reduction rate in bottom sediments of this area of the Baltic Sea varies from 1.89 to 31.6 nM SO42– g-1 24 h-1. The numbers of SRB and their physiological activity were subject to considerable seasonal fluctuations, maximum values being noted in summer (June) and minima in spring (April). A direct relationship has been found between the number of SRB and hydrogen sulphide concentrations; there is, however, no such relationship with reference to sulphate concentrations. The numbers and distributions of SRB demonstrated considerable variation in a depth profile of bottom sediments. SRB inhabiting the bottom sediments of the Gulf of Gdansk were able to use three different organic substrates (lactate, acetate, propionate) as electron donors and as carbon and energy sources.

20

Sources of particulate selenium in the Baltic Sea atmosphere

Dudzińska-Huczuk B., Schneider B., Bolałek J.

Oceanologia

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2000

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No. 42 (3)

305-313

EN

To determine the atmospheric concentrations and size distributions of particulate selenium (Se), aerosols were collected by air filtration and impactor sampling at the Kap Arkona coastal weather station on the Island of Rügen. Total reflection X-ray fluorescence analysis was used to determine Se and numerous other elements as well. The dependence of the Se concentration on the wind direction and the results of a regression analysis indicated that Se associated with sub-micron particles is mainly derived from anthropogenic sources. The pronounced relationship between Se and Cu indicated that copper smelting is a major source of atmospheric selenium. A marine Se contribution was identified for particles larger than 2 žm.