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1

Wpływ systemu podatkowego na jakość rozwoju gospodarki

Malak K.

Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Morskiej w Gdyni

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2004

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nr 51

91-95

PL

Celem niniejszego artykułu jest przedstawienie systemu prawa podatkowego stanowiącego w Polsce jeden z podstawowych czynników jakości rozwoju gospodarki oraz ukazanie jakości konstrukcji systemy prawnego.

EN

This article presents Income Tax Low in Poland as a one of the major factor of the economic growth in this country. During the last few years quality of Income Tax Law was deteriorating, reaching finally very low level of quality. Excess of regulations, their instability reached the point when the Polish Courts admit they were unable to handle it. Unclear and complicated construction of the Polish Income Tax Low diminishes substantially the prospect of the economic growth and decreases the inflow of the tax money .

2

Szkolnictwo wojskowe Białorusi

Malak K.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

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2003

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nr 1(50)

150-159

EN

The article presents the system of military education in Belarus. There are discussed the Belorussian armed forces personnel situation and the education centres for military personnel (officers, warrant officers and junior specialists). The main centre of preparing officers is Military Academy in Minsk. It is the only military academy and it plays a role of an officers’ school and military university and it prepares scientific and research personnel for the armed forces. The 72nd Joined Training Centre plays a very important function in the education process of warrant officers and junior specialists for the land forces. The article also shows a specific form to prepare candidates for the military service carried out by Suvorov Military School in Minsk.

3

Ewolucja znaczenia siły wojskowej w polityce międzynarodowej

Malak K.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

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2003

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nr 2(51)

53-66

EN

The subject of this article’s considerations is the category of military force and the evolution of its significance and role after finishing the Cold War. It was defined as a resultant of the armed forces’ level, the state of industry, pace of technological development, resources and human reserves, infrastructure and organisation and the speed and scope of spreading the technological and scientific achievements in the society. It results from the presented considerations that the military force is only one of many, although certainly significant, component of international relations and a tool for supporting a foreign policy. However, its role in international politics has changed, in particular as far as superpowers and regional leaders are concerned. Peaceful kinds of expansion such as commercial and investment expansions and non-military factors have been taking over as they are less risky and their geopolitical effects can be comparable with war effects. Nevertheless they have some limits in spreading when not supported by the military force. Hence the military force factor still plays an essential role so that international interests of countries are assured on the international arena. The principle that “all countries are equal, however some are more equal” functions in the same way in uni-, bi-and multipolar world. Therefore most countries tend to be recognised as the most powerful. In order to achieve this goal they would unite by common security treaties or military alliances that allows them to compete with the stronger ones. This also allows counteracting other countries, especially the weaker ones. Having power, the readiness to use it decisively and making the opponents aware of such a possibility make them come back to senses in many cases. However, everything depends on a particular situation because the military force supports effectively the foreign policy only together with other measures and components. The research shows that the decrease of direct, war role of military factor is progressing. Nevertheless, it refers to its outer dimension. In international relations two tendencies have been observed. Lowering down the level of violence which result from massive armed actions and increase of violence using the military force in actions of non traditional conflict character which involve both sides fighting. In inner relations the opposite process has been spotted (Russia, Afghanistan, African countries). The number of inner conflicts with the use of force is not diminishing and most of them lead to bloodshed.

4

Siły zbrojne Federacji Rosyjskiej. Cz. 2, Próba charakterystyki

Malak K.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

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2001

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nr 2(43)

116-128

EN

The article consist of two parts. The first one [No. 1(42)2001] contains general characteristics of the Russian Federation's Armed Forces and detailed characteristic features of the Strategic Deterrence Forces (SDF). The article presents the SDF analysis, evaluation of doctrinal assumptions and concept of use included in The National Security Concept of the Russian Federation and in The War Doctrine of the Russian Federation. The author stresses that provisions concerning nuclear weapon use are very general and create a possibility of various interpretations, which is probably to strengthen the feeling of deterrence forces threat. A crucial element of these considerations is the analysis of the discussion carried out in Russia on maintaining the principle of advanced nuclear strike in this doctrine. This part of the article deals with selective Strategic Deterrence Forces' components: land (Strategic Missiles Forces), air (long-range Strategic Air Force) and navy (nuclear submarines with ballistic missiles and self-guided missiles). Their structure, basic equipment, combat abilities and the role they play in the Russian nuclear deterrence concept have been discussed. It has been stressed in the conclusion that Russia is not going to give up plans to maintain SDF on an appropriate level. They have not only to keep the deterrence potential but also balance the conventional forces' reductions which are the result of the armed forces restructuring aiming at reducing the conventional forces by half until 2005.

5

Siły Zbrojne Federacji Rosyjskiej. Cz. 1, Próba charakterystyki

Malak K.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

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2001

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nr 1(42)

91-103

EN

The article consists of two parts. The first one includes general characteristics of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation and a detailed description of the Strategic Deterrence Forces. The article starts with the analysis and evaluation of the Strategic Deterrence Forces’ doctrinal assumption and concept of use included in the Russian Federation’s National Security Concept and the Russian Federation’s War Doctrine. The author stresses that the provisions concerning the nuclear weapon use are very general and create a possibility of various interpretations, which is supposed to increase the feeling of deterrence forces’ threat. An analysis of the discussion carried out in Russia related to the issue of advancing nuclear attack being kept in the doctrine is an essential element of these considerations. In the further part of the article, [No 2(43)2001], the Strategic Deterrence Forces’ components have been introduced, land forces’ component: Strategic Missiles Forces and the air component (Strategic Long Range Air Force), the navy (nuclear submarines equipped with ballistic or homing missiles). Their structure, basic ordinance, combat potential and the role they play in the Russian nuclear deterrence concept have been discussed. It has been stressed in the conclusion that Russia is not going to give up its plans to keep the Strategic Deterrence Forces on an appropriate level. Not only do they have to maintain the deterrence potential, but balance the conventional forces attenuation as well, which resulted from the armed forces’ restructuring providing for conventional forces reduction to half by 2005.

6

Bezpieczeństwo narodowe Federacji Rosyjskiej

Malak K.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

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1999

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nr 3(36)

19-37

EN

The article characterises and evaluates „The Russian Federation National Security Concept” ratified on December 17, 1997. This concept includes an interpretation of officially accepted opinions on the aim and strategy of the state to ensure security for the state and its population. It has been stressed that the international situation shows a tendency to create a multipolar world, to tighten an international competition to reach an access to natural, technological, information resources and to sales markets. There are fears raised by little effectiveness of multilateral peace keeping and security mechanisms both on a global (UN) and regional (OSCE, CIS) levels. Taking into consideration Russia’s national interests, the most important ones include defending constitutional political system, sovereignty, Russia’s territorial integrity, creating political and economic stability, unconditional complying with the law and maintaining legal order, developing international co-operation on the basis of partnership. The crisis of economy was recognised as the main threat for Russian national security. It has been emphasised that although Russia is not in danger of an aggression on a large scale but it does not exclude military threats. The most realistic ones include existing and potential sources of local wars and armed conflicts near Russian Federation borders, nuclear proliferation, nuclear weapons production and means of carrying. NATO enlargement is perceived as the main source of military threats.

7

Rosyjska triada jądrowa

Malak K.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

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1998

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nr 4(33)

209-225

EN

Nuclear weapon is Russia’s attribute and the foundation of its power status. Most of its nuclear arsenal is included in the structure of Strategic Operations Rocket Forces. The author presents their organisational structure, the armament and tasks of their all components: Strategic Rocket Forces, Strategic Air Force, Naval Strategic Force, Anti-Rocket Defence Forces and Space Forces. The concept of Strategic Operations Rocket Forces restructuring has been presented. It assumes that balancing the conventional forces weaknesses requires upkeeping the nuclear potential on an appropriate level. A simultaneous modernisation and restructuring of nuclear forces will enable the reduction of expenditures for other fields. The idea of the reform is to reduce the number of armed forces with increasing its mobility and armament modernisation at the same time. The future Russian army is supposed to be smaller but more professional. The analysis of the presented material shows that the modernisation of rocket forces proceeds slowly. Their complex reconstructure seems to be postponed for better times. However, the effects of present expenditures decrease will be seen in the first ten years of the 20th century. Till that time, Russia will be in a comfortable situation because due to the situation in conventional forces, the nuclear potential will ensure it an effective protection against any enemy’s attack.

8

Radziecko-niemiecka współpraca wojskowa w latach 1933-1941

Malak K.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

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1998

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nr 1(30)

261-283

EN

The relations between the USSR and the Reich, hostile till 1933, changed radically in 1939 after signing political agreements on 23 August and 28 September. Due to their provisions, co-operation, military issues including, developed. It embraced co-operation in aggression on Poland, fighting against Polish resistance movement, friendly neutrality during Finnish-Russian war and further German aggressions in Western Europe. The most important element was commercial exchange, mainly ordinance and strategic materials necessary to conduct war and military production. In sum, until 21 June 1944, the Soviet Union Bought different German products for 462.3 million marks, including 280 machines, 240 locomotives, 506 metal tool machines and other technical equipment. As far as ordinance is concerned, the Soviet Union received one unfinished cruise vessel („Lutzów” - finished in Leningrad shipyard), armoured plates and other materials to build war vessels, some types of sea artillery (including parts for submarines), torpedo and mine equipment, hydro-acustic and hydro-graphic apparatus, some cannons, some kinds of aeroplanes with spare engines and parts, radiotelegraphs, a few light tanks, engineering equipment and others. The German side received supplies for 741.5 million marks, containing 865 thousand tonnes of oil, 140 thousand tonnes of manganese, 14 thousand tonnes of copper, 3 thousand tonnes of nickel, 101 thousand tonnes of cotton, more than 1 million tonnes of wood, 11 thousand tonnes of flax, 21 thousand tonnes of chromium ore, 15 thousand tonnes of asbestos, 184 thousand tonnes of phosphates, 2736 kilos of platinum and 1462 thousand tonnes of grain. Russian deliveries were very regular, according to the scheme in the agreement. The last train with material crossed the Russian-German border a few hours before German aggression onto Russian territory. As a result of this co-operation, Hitler was able to conquer British blockade importing food and materials from the USSR and through its territory. In return for this, Stalin received machines, equipment and ordinance. It should be stressed that Soviet Union managed to trade from Germany the state-of-art military technology items, machines and equipment for heavy, light, chemical, excavation industries, some kinds of very scarce materials (duraluminium, wolfram) and, first of all, unique industrial equipment and machines the sales of which were refused by Western superpowers.