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1

Struktura mapy w ujęciu pragmatycznym

Zarycki T.

Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny

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2004

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T. 36, nr 2

75-81

PL

Autor rozwija wcześniej zarysowaną próbę reinterpretacji teorii przekazu kartograficznego z punktu widzenia pragmatyki językoznawczej. Porównanie mapy z językiem naturalnym rozszerzone zostaje na obszar wewnętrznej struktury obu form komunikacji.

EN

The article develops a previously outlined attempt to reinterpret the theory of cartographic presentation from the point of view of linguistic pragmatism. A comparison of a map and natural language in deep sense, which corresponds to pragmatic analysis ie extended to include the inner structure of both forms of communication. For this purpose the term of Macrostructure is adapted which describes representations of texts on higher levels of abstraction. Macrostructure is in other words a hierarchy of more and more generalized summaries of the text. Summarizing is compared to map generalization. Macro-operations described by T. van Dijk's theory: deletions, generalizations and constructions used for generating the macrostructure of the text are referred to the process of creation of a generalized map, which represents the macrostructure of the map proper, Reading a map always implies generalization, similar as reading a text implies its summary. Considerations of map macrostructure are also related to a cartographic term of "levels of map reading", and especially S. Bonin's division into "maps to be read" and "maps to be perceived". In the final section of the article it is suggested , that from a theoretical point of view the macrostructure of a map and text can both be subjective in similar way. Their creation can also have an aspect of "acting through maps", i.e. changing social reality rather than only describing it. If so, they would resemble pragmatically described "speech acts".

2

Redundancja i relewancja w komunikacji kartograficznej z perspektywy pragmatycznej

Zarycki T.

Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny

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2002

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T. 34, nr 1

3-10

PL

Autor omawia znaczenie pojęć redundancji i relewancji z punktu widzenia pragmatycznej analizy procesu komunikacji kartograficznej. W dalszej części artykułu zostały określone warunki skuteczności map z punktu widzenia maksym konwersacyjnych H.P.Grice'a.

EN

The first part of the article deals with a contextual, therefore pragmatic understanding of the concept of redundancy, which is well known in cartography. The author reminds, that in certain cases redundancy can be beneficial rather than harmful. Further, redundancy is defined in the context of cartographic object and its new and known features. The author points at the notion of 'information significance' in evaluating the redundancy level of object's features. The following section deals with relevance. The author discusses differences between relevance and redundancy, especially in the context of cartographic communication. As in the case of redundancy, a certain amount of irrelevant information can be useful. The author critically discusses typologies of redundancy up to the present moment. The article points out, that redundancy and relevance is qualified differently in various map types (in the understandind of typology basing on the degree of dependence on the context). On maps, which are strongly dependent on the context, relevance and redundancy should be considered from the perspective of particular objects. On universal maps, mainly classes of objects are used. The article's final section deals with the application of H.P.Grice's 'conversational maxims' in the analysis of the process of cartographic communication. The requirements imposed by the maxims are translated into the language of objects and features. A notion of 'indirect cartographic acts' is introduced after the speech acts theory. The author points out, that some apparent mistakes on maps (e.g. redundancy or irrelevance) can result not from the author's carelessness, but from an intentional attempt to convey indirect information.

3

Zależność mapy od kontekstu

Zarycki T.

Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny

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2001

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T. 33, nr 1

3--9

PL

W artykule rozważono użyteczność pojęcia kontekstu w rozumieniu pragmatyki językoznawczej z punktu widzenia teorii komunikacji kartograficznej. Na podstawie zależności map od kontekstu proponowana jest typologia map.

EN

The author presents the meaning of the notion of context in the contemporary linguistic pragmatics. He also stresses the fact, that the context can be an important theoretical device anables us to fully understand the interdependence between the map and its users. It is often difficult to define the context in the process of cartographic communication, as a single map can be used in many situations. Therefore, we propose to incorporate the term of the "series of possible contexts" into cartography. The paper also includes the considerations on the optimum way of defining the context. Then, the differentiation between the inner and outer context is introduced. The next part of the paper presents an attempt to the classification of maps based on the degree of their dependence on the context. THis dependence also defines the possibility of selecting the new information from the known, and as a result, the possibility of projecting the process of map reading. The suggested classificationincludes the following four categories: "maps-signs", "single-purpose maps", "thematic maps" and "multipurpose maps". The first two categories are often to be the maps sensu stricto. This includes the category of "maps-signs" which include new information only in a wider context, and "maps-instructions" often considered to be simple diagrams not meeting the criteria of "real maps". The autor is of the opinion that those maps should not be excludedfrom the scope of interest of theoretical cartography. Besides the above classification, the author also proposes a more general division into "standalone" and "supplementary" maps.

4

Mapa w perspektywie pragmatycznej - propozycje teoretyczne

Zarycki T.

Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny

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2000

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T. 32, nr 2

97-106

PL

W artykule przedstawiono nową próbę określenia pola pragmatyki kartograficznej, a następnie propozycję wprowadzenia narzędzi teoretycznych, które pozwoliłyby na zoperacjonalizowanie programu badania zależności między mapą a jej użytkownikami. Należą do nich pojęcia głębokiego poziomu analizy mapy, obiektu kartograficznego oraz struktury tematycznej obiektu.

EN

This initial part of this paper contains a new approach to define the scope of the main subdisciplines of semiotics: semantics, syntax and pragmatics in the context of cartographic communication. The former, Ratajski's interpretation is collated with the proposed scopes of particular branches. The significance of linguistic pragmatics was particularly stressed, as it is considered to be the most dynamically developing subdiscipline of semiotics recently. It also appears to be particularly important in regards to the theoretical aspects of cartographic communication studies. The paper then contains an attempt to transfer the selected pragmatic concepts into cartography. The initial step of this process consists in the selection of the general and deep levels of map analysis. These levels correspond to the semantic/syntactic and pragmatic analysis, respectively. Author proposes to adopt the concept of object as a basic unit of the deep level map analysis, compared to the concept of sign on the general level. Each ceartographic object can be described through its properties, which can further be classified according to various criteria. The classification into spatial and non-spatial as well as into relative and absolute features is considered to be essential. The author presents his interpretation of the thematic structure of a sentence in the cartographic context. He proves that the map reading can be described as a process of reading the unknown properties of an object, which was previously identified on the grounds of the known properties. This rule was previously described in cartographic literature, however its application to the phenomena occurring in the natural language as proposed by Ratajski, does not seem felicitous. The division into the known and unknown properties also applies to the questions directed to a map. These questions can be used to determine the needs of the map user. Each "spatial query" describes the known properties of an object on one hand, but also its new properties on the other.