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2 Polish Journal of Ecology

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Nest site and nest-hole characteristics by Great Spotted Woodpecker Dendrocopus major L. in Croatia

Ćiković D., Barišić S., Tutiš V., Kralj J.

Polish Journal of Ecology

2014

Vol. 62, nr 2

349--360

Great Spotted Woodpecker is the most abundant and widespread European woodpecker species, and it thus contributes the most to the number of excavated tree holes – an important habitat resource for secondary hole users. However, majority of nest site characteristics data comes from boreal and temperate forests, with lack of information from Southern Europe. In this article, nest sites of the Great Spotted Woodpecker have been investigated in the continental forests of Croatia – a previously understudied area of this species’ range. A total of 41 active nest-holes found in the breeding seasons 2003 and 2004 are described. Nest-holes were mainly positioned below the crowns, in injuries of branch abscission. Nesting tree species were not used randomly: wild cherry Prunus avium in hill and pedunculate oak Quercus robur in riverine forests were preferred while hornbeam Carpinus betulus and maples Acer sp. were avoided. While tree species used for nesting vary across the Great Spotted Woodpecker range, and thus cannot be used as a uniform nest site predictor, defected wood spots on a tree, like scars of branch abscission, are identified as an important nest site clue and a habitat feature that is spatially more consistent. Nestholes’ dimensions acquired in this research could not be clearly differentiated from those given for the other parts of the continent.

Habitat preferences of the Collared Flycatcher, Ficedula albicollis (Temm.) in mountains of continental Croatia

Kralj J., Ćiković D., Dumbović V., Dolenec Z., Tutis V.

Polish Journal of Ecology

2009

Vol. 57, nr 3

537-545

Habitat selection of Collared Flycatcher, Ficedula albicollis (Temm.) was studied at three mountains of Continental Croatia covered with oak-hornbeam, beech and coniferous forests. Standard point count technique was used (n = 163). Collared Flycatcher territories were found at 59 points, 17 of them identified as the best territories, with two or more pairs present. Habitat at each counting point was described by the circular plot method. Each counting point was further characterized by the forest type. Differences between the proportions of available and used forest types were tested with [x^2] goodness-offit test. Standardized selection index (B) and 95% confidence limits with Bonferroni correction were calculated. PCA was used to identify the principal sources of variation in the habitat structure. In our study, both forest types and structural characteristics of habitat had effect on the habitat choice of the Collared Flycatcher. The Collared Flycatcher preferred oak and beech forests and strictly avoided pure coniferous stands. The best territories are mostly situated in the pure beech and mixed beech forests. PCA on habitat characteristics produced five components which accounted for 84.3% of the variation in the habitat structure. PC1 and PC3 indicated the presence of coniferous trees while PC2 and PC4 indicated the forest age. The PCA revealed significant relationship between Collared Flycatcher presence and several structural characteristics of habitat: total tree density, densities of small and large trees, shrub density and average tree basal area. The best territories were situated in the forest patches with low number of large trees. Tree density is an important factor for habitat selection in younger forests, but in stands older than 100 years, other factors play more important role in the habitat selection. The Collared Flycatcher avoided forests with dense shrub layer.