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Late glacial and holocene stratotype profile of palaeosols in the Warsaw basin

Konecka-Betley K., Janowska E.

Studia Quaternaria

2005

Vol. 22

3-16

Palaeosols from the Warsaw Basin developed from eolian sands and aqueous deposits are distinguished as pedostratigraphic units of the Quaternary. They were typologically determined as type soils for the study area based on the succession of genetic-diagnostic horizons for the particular soil types. Two partial profiles were analysed - in Cieciwa and in Wi1zowna Piekie3ko, which were later considered as a composite stratotype of palaeosols in the Warsaw Basin. Both partial profiles allow recognising old aqueous processes and slightly younger eolian processes characteristic for the Oldest, Older and Younger Dryas Phase, as well as the pedogenetic processes taking place during warming stages in the terminal Late Vistulian and Holocene. Based on the analyses, five palaeosol horizons were distinguished within the Warsaw Basin. The oldest ones are represented by humus-gley soils developed from Pleistocene agueous deposits of the Epe Interphase and the initial soil from the Bölling Interphase developed from aeolian sands of the Oldest Dryas Phase. The third soil is represented by a poorly developed podzolized soil from the Alleröd developed from sands of the Older Dryas. Sands of the Younger Dryas were capped in the Holocene by a rusty soil from the Boreal Phase, which was recognised in both profiles. From the same sands undergoing continuous blowing out, or as a continuation of the rusty soil, a ferruginous podzol or ferruginous-humus podzol developed during the Atlantic Interphase. In depressions the podzol is in some cases capped by a thin peat. The stratotype profile is distinguished as a reference profile and the base for comparison with analogous horizons in Central Poland.

Determination of morphine and codeine in serum and saliva by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

Janowska E., Piekoszewski W.

Chemia Analityczna

2001

Vol. 46, No. 6

857-864

The GC-MS method of morphine and codeine determination in serum and saliva was developed and validated. The sample preparation consists of enzymatic hydrolysis, deprotei-nisation, solid phase extraction and derivatisation. As the intrinsic standards D3-morphine and D3-codeine were used. Detection limit for morphine and codeine was 4 and 5 ng ml(-1); quantification limit was 14 and 15 ng ml(-1) respectively. The range of quantification was 20-1000 ng ml"1 and the recovery ranged 50-60%. For checking the applicability of the elaborated method, morphine and codeine concentrations were measured in serum and saliva samples taken from 10 addicts. The method allowed to measure morphine in saliva and may be used for monitoring taking home made heroin and detoxification process.

Przedstawiono metodę oznaczania morfiny i kodeiny w surowicy krwi oraz w ślinie za pomocą chromatografii gazowej sprzężonej ze spektrometrią mas. Ekstrakcję analitów, po wcześniejszej hydrolizie enzymatycznej, prowadzono w układzie ciecz-ciało stałe. Morfinę i kodeinę oznaczano, po derywatyzacji te(trimetylosililo)trifluoracetamidem, metodą GC-MS stosując jako substancje wzorcowe związki deuterowane. Wykrywalność metody wynosiła 4 i 5 ng ml'1 a oznaczalność 14 i 15 ng ml'1 odpowiednio dla morfiny i kodeiny. Wydajność ekstrakcji badanych związków wahała się od 50-60%. Opracowaną metodę zastosowano do pomiaru stężenia morfiny i kodeiny u 10 osób uzależnionych od pochodnych alkaloidów opium ("kompotu").