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Investigation of material properties under cryogenic conditions: a review

Mekonnin Abdisa Sisay, Wacławiak Krzysztof

Zeszyty Naukowe. Organizacja i Zarządzanie / Politechnika Śląska

2025

z. 216

343--365

Purpose: The purpose of this work is to analyses the behavior and mechanical properties of metals, alloys, polymers, concrete, and composites of various materials at low and cryogenic temperatures below 123 K (-150.15°C). This review paper highlights the influence of cryogenic conditions upon material selection and design for applications where critical service conditions require exposure to extreme cold, including energy storage, aerospace, offshore structures, superconducting technologies, shipbuilding, and LNG carriers. Design/methodology/approach: This review attempts to synthesize results from experimental studies, computational modeling, and theoretical analyses that have examined changes in material mechanical properties at cryogenic conditions. This review is focused on the fracture toughness, tensile strength, brittleness, and associated properties of the various classes of materials. In so doing, the approach is aimed at understanding how those properties evolve at low temperatures and their implications on materials selection and design for harsh environment applications. Findings: Results show that even though cryogenic temperatures can be applied to enhance the tensile strength, modulus, ultimate strength, and fatigue resistance of materials, they simultaneously cause a significant reduction in ductility, therefore making the material more brittle with enhanced susceptibility to micro-cracking. The paper underlines the fact that material development should proceed to develop those possessing increased strength, resistance to wear and corrosion with less compromise of ductility. Limitations/implications of the research: The complexity in testing materials at cryogenic conditions and the difficulty in directly correlating the experimental results with real applications are the limitations of the research. Further research is needed before such challenges are met and before materials with optimum performance at low temperatures, without sacrificing key properties, are developed. Originality/value: This review gives important insight into the mechanical behavior of materials at cryogenic temperatures and points out the need for advanced material development with specific emphasis on additive manufacturing for tailoring material properties in view of superior performance and reliability in extreme cryogenic environments. The results will be an important guideline for future research and material selection of various industries, specifically aerospace and energy storage.