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The Impact of Pre-Crops on the Formation of Water Balance in Winter Wheat Agrocenosis and Soil Moisture in the Steppe Zone

Pichura Vitalii, Potravka Larysa, Domaratskiy Yevhenii, Nikonchuk Nataliia, Samoilenko Mykola

Journal of Ecological Engineering

2024

Vol. 25, nr 3

253--271

Under climate change, the issue of selection and correction of crop cultivation systems in the zone of moisture deficit and risky farming to ensure profitability of production is still topical. In particular, crop rotations are a practice aimed at increasing resistance of soil systems to abiotic and biotic stresses in the zone of moisture deficit. Therefore, the purpose of the research is to identify spatio-temporal regularities of vegetative formation of water balance in winter wheat agrocenoses depending on a pre-crop according to the unified BBCH scale. Spatio-temporal processes of vegetation and water balance formation in winter wheat agrocenosis depending on a pre-crop according to the unified BBCH scale were examined on the basis of the data of decoded satellite image series of the spacecraft Sentinel and calculation of the NDWI and the NDVI values. The research was conducted in the natural-climatic conditions of the Steppe zone of Ukraine, in the territory of Yelanets district, Mykolaiv region, during the vegetative phase of winter wheat variety Driada 1: autumn 2021 and winter, spring and the beginning of summer 2022. It was established that activeness of water balance formation in winter wheat agrocenosis with pea as a pre-crop according to seasonal-phenological stages of plant growth is 3.0–9.0 times higher than with a grain crop (spring barley) and sunflower as pre-crops. In particular, with pea as a pre-crop, the NDVI vegetation of winter wheat plants is 1.6–1.7 times more intensive, the rate of moisture supply NDWI in the plant leaf at the macro-stages BBCH 10–61 is 1.54 and 1.82 times higher, productivity is 1.43–1.56 times higher. We observed a 30.5–34.3% reduction in water consumption for the formation of a ton of winter wheat grain with pea as a pre-crop in comparison with other pre-crops that resulted in an increase in productive moisture reserves at the end of vegetation in a meter soil layer by 20%. It was established that using pea as a pre-crop has economic and environmental benefits that manifest themselves in increasing resistance of soil systems, a reduction in environmental pollution and a rise in profitability of production.

The Influence of Biopreparations on the Growth and Development of Tomatoes under Biological Cultivation

Nikonchuk Nataliia, Samoilenko Mykola

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

2024

Vol. 25, iss. 8

37--46

The study of the effect of biological preparations on the growth, development and yield of tomatoes was carried out at the experimental field of the Educational-Scientific-Practical Center of the Mykolaiv National Agrarian University under the conditions of the Southern Steppe of Ukraine according to generally accepted methods: field, laboratory and statistical. In order to study the elements of the organic tomato cultivation technology, a two-factor field experiment was conducted under the conditions of the Southern Steppe of Ukraine: Factor A: cultivar: 1. Rio Fuego; 2 Missouri. Factor B: complex fivefold treatment with biological preparations: Azotophyt-r, FitoHelp, Organic Balance, Mycohelp, Actoverm, Lepidocide during the growing season: first – 12–14 days after the emergence of seedlings, then every 12–14 days. As a result of the conducted research, the effect of biological preparations on biometric indicators of plant growth and development, namely plant weight, above-ground height and root length as well as dry weight accumulation in the vegetative mass of Rio Fuego and Missouri tomato cultivars. The above-ground mass of tomato plants of the Rio Fuego variety in the flowering phase in the variant with treatment was 196.8 g·piece-1, which exceeded the weight of the plant from the control variant by 38.2 g·piece-1, or 24.1%. The positive dynamics of the increase in raw vegetative mass during the treatment was noted during the fruiting period – 1036.4 g·piece-1, in the control – 857.3 g·piece-1. The increase in the raw mass of one plant, on average, was 20.9%. It was found that the use of biologics during the growing season of tomatoes contributed to an increase in the aboveground mass and a decrease in the percentage of roots to the total mass of the studied cultivars. The effect of biological preparations on the commercial yield of tomato fruit, which differed according to the years of research, was studied. The biologics used throughout the years with different agroclimatic conditions gave approximately the same results. The yield of the Rio Fuego cultivar increased in 11.1 Mg·ha-1, or 24.9% due to the biologics. The Missouri cultivar turned out to be less productive throughout the years of research, but it was more responsive to the treatment with biologics, with the increase in the marketable fruit yield in comparison with the control being 10.9 Mg·ha-1 (29.9%).