Introduction: The perfusion of a part of the lung depends on its distance from the pulmonary trunk (differences in vascular resistance) and on the horizontal plane (differences in hydrostatic pressure). The aim of this study was to determine the geometric parameters characterising their positions and sizes in order to analyse the diffusion of the ventilation/perfusion ratio. Material and methods: A developed virtual respiratory system has been supplemented with an appropriate model of pulmonary circulation that uses a lung outline that is divided into parts based on an anatomical atlas and a CT image; it comprises a 3D geometric model of the lungs that was developed using the Inventor CAD software (Autodesk, Inc, San Francisco, USA). Each panel was divided into 2 horizontal and 8 vertical parts; the 16-part division was then modified. Results: When taking human lungs as a research object and simulating their accompanying physical, biological, or biochemical phenomena, one necessary task is to construct a spatial model of the lungs that takes into account, and maintains awareness of, the limitations of the source of data that is relied upon. The developed modified geometric model of lung division turned out to be useful and was successfully applied to a virtual patient, among others, as part of the VirRespir project. Conclusions: Finally, we can conclude that the virtual cardiorespiratory system thus elaborated may serve as a proper tool for the preliminary analysis of such complex interactions, considering the elaborated model of the lung’s divisions and its future improvements.
W pracy opisano przykład modelowania prototypowego układu regulacji napięcia i mocy biernej zgodnie z rozwiązaniami zawartymi w normach IEC 61850 (PN-EN 61850). Typowe urządzenia stosowane w energetyce oraz funkcje przez nie realizowane (zabezpieczenia, regulatory itp.) zostały ustandaryzowane i ujęte w normach jako kompatybilne klasy węzłów logicznych. Wiele urządzeń, zwłaszcza prototypowych lub stosowanych w mniejszej skali, nie posiada swojej reprezentacji w normach IEC 61850. Autorzy tych układów samodzielnie tworzą modele obiektów danych a następnie własne definicje węzłów logicznych postępując zgodnie z określonymi w normach zasadami. W Polsce takim przykładem są układy regulacji napięcia i mocy biernej dla stacji najwyższych napięć oraz elektrowni (ARST lub ARST/ARNE).
EN
The paper presents the example of modelling prototype voltage and reactive power control device according to the solutions contained in the standards IEC 61850 (PN-EN 61850). Typical devices used in power engineering and their implemented functions (protections, controllers, etc.) have been standardized and defined in the standards as a compatible class of logical nodes. Many devices, especially prototype devices or those used on a lesser scale, do not have their representation in IEC 61850 standards. The authors of these systems create models of data objects independently and next, their own definitions of logical nodes following the rules defined in the standards. In Poland, such examples are voltage and reactive power control systems for the highest voltage substations and power plants (ARST or ARST/ARNE).
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