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2 Journal of Ecological Engineering

2 2024

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The Effect of Plasticizer Type and Concentration on Cellulose Acetate-Based Bioplastic from Durian Skin

Rahmatullah, Putri Rizka Wulandari, Komariah Leily Nurul, Waristian Harry, Hadi Alek Al, Handoko Kavin, Gufron Muhamad Fadhil

Journal of Ecological Engineering

2024

Vol. 25, nr 11

70--82

Bioplastic is a biodegradable and environmentally friendly material because it uses natural materials in the form of plant fibers. The plants with high fiber content can be converted to cellulose acetate as a raw material for bioplastics. Durian skin is a biomass waste that has the potential to be a raw material for bioplastics. Cellulose-based bioplastics are generally made by adding adhesives, plasticizers, and fillers. In this study, the manufacture of bioplastics used the cellulose acetate from durian skin with variations of plasticizer concentration, plasticizer type, starch adhesive, and chitosan. Glycerol and sorbitol were used as plasticizers with variations in concentration of 20%, 30%, and 40%. The mass ratio of cellulose and starch used was 1.5:1. Bioplastics were produced by adding chitosan, starch, and variations of plasticizers in each concentration which were achieved varying values in tensile strength, water absorption, density values, elongation values, Young’s modulus, degradability, and different bioplastic surface structures. The best bioplastic result is bioplastic with 20% sorbitol concentration for a density of 0.852 g/mL, water absorption of 45.99%, tensile strength of 613.12 Kpa, elongation of 2.35%, and Young’s modulus of 26090.21 Kpa. In addition, the degradation time without landfill has met the Indonesian National Standard (INS) for 45 days.

Effect of Drying Temperature of Sawdust Biobriquettes with Used Lubricant Oil Adhesive Volume Variation over Carbonization Process

Putri Rizka Wulandari, Rahmatullah, Santoso Budi, Savitri Aulia, Zahara Maulika

Journal of Ecological Engineering

2024

Vol. 25, nr 2

309--320

Renewable energy is one way to deal with the scarcity of fossil energy. Biobriquette is an alternative energy that can be used as a substitute for fuel. This research aims to determine the characteristics of each variation of biobriquettes, namely moisture content, ash content, volatile matter content, bound carbon content, calorific value, and combustion test. The raw material is sawdust of Sungkai wood (Peronema canescens Jack) with carbonization method at 300 °C for 1 hour. This study used an experimental method by varying the sawdust weight of 8.7 g, 17.4 g, 26.1 g, 34.8 g with a ratio of 2:1 for each raw material and adhesive used lubricant oil. In addition, the drying temperature of the briquettes is also varied by 80 °C (A) and 100 °C (B). Biobriquettes 4B had the best moisture content and ash content with the lowest levels of 5.98% and 1.54 %, respectively. The levels of volatile matter and fixed carbon levels are closest to Energy and Mineral Ministry Regulation Number 47 of 2006 (PERMEN ESDM) namely 4A briquettes of 59.44% and 1B briquettes with a content of 31.57%. Almost all samples met the standard for calculating the calorific value of Energy and Mineral Ministry Regulation Number 47 of 2006 (minimum 4400 cal/gr) with a the result of 4512–4850 cal/g. The ignition time of all samples was in the range of 9.67–17.9 seconds, it is faster than the ignition time of coal in the range of 286 seconds. The fastest burning time was sample 3B with a time of 19.83 minutes and the longest was sample 4A with a time of 38.95 minutes. The briquettes that had the best performance in boiling 100 ml of water were 4B briquettes with a burning temperature of 462.3 °C, a burning rate of 0.4501 and a boiling time of 2.48 minutes.