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PL
Jednym z wielu czynników wpływających na dokładność transferów teraomowych są prądy powierzchniowe rezystorów. W referacie przedstawiono metodykę badań wpływu tych prądów na mierzoną wartość rezystancji. Zamieszczono wyniki badań eksperymentalnych wykonanych na modelu fizycznym składającym się z dwóch 10 TΩ rezystorów w gałęzi głównej i dwóch 0,1 TΩ rezystorów w gałęzi pomocniczej.
EN
One of the factor that influence accuracy of high value resistors measurements is presence of surface currents. In the paper the influence of resistors surface currents on high value resistors resistance is discussed. The results of research over minimization of surface currents by applying conductive protective electrode on high value resistors are presented. Also the way of minimization of surface currents in the guarded resistance transfer devices are presented. Moreover, the way of changing resistance settling times are presented.
2
Content available System stabilizacji temperatury w komorze pomiarowej
PL
Zaprezentowano system do stabilizacji temperatury rezystorów wzorcowych podczas ich wzorcowania z bardzo wysoką dokładnością. Podstawowym elementem tego systemu jest komora pomiarowa z modułami Peltiera. Przedstawiono konstrukcję tej komory i wyniki wstępnych badań stabilności długoterminowej temperatury z uwzględnieniem wpływu warunków otoczenia na dokładność systemu. System zapewnia długoterminową stałość temperatury 23°C wewnątrz komory z niestałościa ±0,02 °C.
EN
One of the factor that influence accuracy of resistance measurements is temperature change during measurements. This paper describes a system to maintain stable air temperature in a measurement chamber. The aim of the system is to stabilize temperature of resistance standards during measurements. Presented system consist of a measurement chamber and temperature controller. In this paper the construction of the measurement chamber and the temperature controller is discussed. Moreover results of the system stabilization tests are presented. The designed and tested stabilization system maintains settled air temperature with the accuracy ±0.015 °C. This satisfied temperature stability requirements for measurements of resistance standard.
PL
Proponowany system jest uzupełnieniem zrealizowanego, w ramach projektu badawczego rozwojowego, systemu przekazywania jednostki rezystancji od wzorca pierwotnego QHR do wzorców wtórnych o dodatkowy drugi tor. Zapewni to weryfikację uzyskanych wyników, co ma bardzo istotne znaczenie dla pomiarów o najwyższych dokładnościach. Wymagać to będzie skonstruowania nowych czterech transferów rezystancji: (0,1-1-10) MΩ, (10-100-1000) MΩ, (1-10-100) GΩ i (0,1-1-10) TΩ.
EN
Authors describe the resistance unit transfer system, from the primary standard QHR to 100 TΩ standards based on Hamon transfers, which they developed (Fig. 1) [5, 6, 8]. Resistance unit is transferred from the QHR to 100 Ω standard with the Cryogenic Current Comparator (CCC), and then with the same comparator to 10 kΩ standard. Next to standard up to 1 GΩ? Hamon, the transfers with Measuremnt International 6000B bridge are used. Above 1 GΩ up to 100 TΩ Hamon transfers and Guildline 6500 teraommeter are used. Hamon transfers which are used in the system are sealed in metal boxes which protect from humidity and external interferences; they are also thermostated with instability of š0.01 °C [5, 9]. Described system is very accurate if voltage applied to Hamon transfer resistors is constant. In practice this is impossible and corrections due to voltage change are necessary, what is main limitation of this system accuracy. Furthermore measurement equipment does not enable sufficient voltage regulation what causes additional errors. Secondary standards are not thermally stabilized, and for teraommeter it is impossible to set measurement time. Described system enables resistance unit transfer with only one path, this does not allow to verify results of measurements. Therefore authors propose to equip existing system with second path, based on additional four Hamon transfers (Fig. 2.). Authors also propose to develop special thermostats for secondary standards and active-arm bridge (Fig. 3.) [10].
4
Content available remote Separation of selected aromatic hydrocarbons by TLC
EN
Aromatic hydrocarbons with rings in a linear arrangement form two homologous series, hydrocarbons with condensed rings (the so-called acenes), and polyphenyls. These different molecular structures result in different physical and chemical properties for hydrocarbons with the same number of rings per molecule. Selected properties of some of these hydrocarbons – naphthalene, anthracene, tetracene, biphenyl, p-terphenyl, and p-quaterphenyl – are compared in Table I [1]. In the polyphenyls, coupling of benzene rings by formal single bonds results in significant expansion of the conjugated system. If poly-phenyls and acenes with the same number of rings are compared it is apparent that despite their greater molecular weight the polyphenyls have lower melting points and higher delocalization energies than the acenes.Hydrocarbons with condensed rings have been widely studied [2–4], basically because of their toxic effect on living organisms and wide presence in the environment. Differences between the mechanisms of ring coupling for acene and polyphenyl molecules are also reflected in the chromatographic behaviour of these two classes of compound.
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