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Synthesis and application of melamine urea based precondensates

Bhatti K. P, Zuber M.

Autex Research Journal

2009

Vol. 9, no. 4

121--124

Formaldehyde based low molecular weight precondensates (fixers) are always have very important role in processing of woven fabrics. Two important applications of these chemicals are in fixing of dyes and improvement of crease resistant behavior of fabrics. The synthesis of a series of precondensates by the reaction of formaldehyde with various percent mole ratios of melamine/urea is described which belong to the class of thermosetting resins. The dyed cotton specimens were impregnated with fixers and cured at 150°C for 3 minutes using acetic acid curing catalyst. The rubbing fastness to crocking, color fastness to washing and light fastness is reported and found to be dependent on the fixing efficiency of precondensate to dye. Precondensate based on 50:50% mole ratio of melamine-urea-formaldehyde showed the excellent fixing efficacy. The fastness to light is found to be dependent on the aromatic character of melamine ring which obviously is due to the preferably absorption in the UV region. The fabrics with an intense color and good characteristics were obtained thus presenting a possibility for extension of the applied in practice textile precondensates.

System perspective in communication: some examples of its application to the study of interpersonal, group and organizational communication processes

Zuber M.

Systems : journal of transdisciplinary systems science

1999

Vol. 4, No. 1-2

43-50

The article aims at presenting the role of systems perspective in communication. Systems perspective has contributed to the growth of theoretical and empirical studies of human communication context. Same examples of application of the systems perspective to the study of interpersonal, group and organizational communication processes are presented. The author discussed also the problems of strengths and weaknesses of the systems perspective in studying communication processes. The main shown disadvantage is the inability to study communications as a primary phenomenon.