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EN
The article presents an example of supplementing geotechnical monitoring with geodetic observations. The experimental flood embankment built within the ISMOP project (Information Technology System of Levee Monitoring) was subjected to continuous monitoring based on built-in measuring sensors. The results of geodetic monitoring used for observation of earth-filled flood embankment subjected to external loads are presented in the paper. The tests were carried out on an experimental flood embankment forming a closed artificial water reservoir. The observations were carried out for two purposes. The first was long-term monitoring, which was aimed to determine the behaviour of the newly built embankment. The second purpose was to check the reaction of the levee to the simulated flood wave, caused by filling and draining the reservoir. In order to monitor the displacements of the earth-filled embankment, it was necessary to develop the proper methodology. For the needs of research works, an appropriate network of 5 reference points and 48 survey markers has been designed and established. The periodic measurements were carried out using precise robotic total station. The stability of the reference frame was each time checked and displacements of survey markers were determined based on it. The final results allow to reveal the reaction of levee to external loads. The displacement values were referred to the course of the filling and draining experiment to indicate the relationship between them. In the field of long-term monitoring the results clearly imply the dominance of displacements outside the reservoir for points located on the embankment, in contrast to points on the crest and foreground, which do not show significant movements. On the other hand, in the field of testing the embankment reaction to the flood wave, obtaining reliable results was possible thanks to high-accuracy geodetic measurements. Small displacement values, often at the level of their determination errors, were averaged for groups of points with the same height of foundation. A sizable number of points allows to perceive some tendencies and the relation between embankment soaking and its movement directions can be noticed. During periods when the levee was still saturated with water, slight movements outside the reservoir were revealed. On the other hand, the following period of drying caused movement in the opposite direction.
EN
This paper presents the test point temperature sensors, designed for the ISMOP project. The point temperature sensors allow for full realization of spatial measurement by using a distributed measurement based on MESH type topology. The designed solutions described the selection and design of all elements of the sensors. It is also described how to install them at the existing levee. Applied construction and method of selection of the location of the point temperature sensors allow monitoring of levees in the quasi-spatial (3D) system, what is an alternative to termomonitoring performed by means of optical fibers.
EN
The observational method is one of the designing methods specified in Eurocode 7. It is recommended when the subsoil behavior prediction is difficult. Geotechnical monitoring is an integral part of the observational method. It can be also used for evaluation of subsoil and/or construction conditions at every investment stage. The article presents compulsory law regulation, standards and literature analysis in terms of using the observational method and geotechnical monitoring.
EN
The article is discussing legal aspects of performing engineering geophysical surveys in Poland. The main legislation documents containing laws concerning geophysical surveys are the Geological and Mining Law, the Building Law with the relevant regulations and recommendations of the Eurocode 7. The authors point to the significant discrepancies and ambiguities in legislation acts which lead to inconsistent interpretations concerning engineering geophysics, and express the need and direction of changes needed in the current legislation.
EN
Mytilopsis leucophaeata (Conrad, 1831) is native to the western Atlantic coast of North America. It has been reported in many regions outside its home range, including the Gulf of Gdańsk (the southern Baltic Sea). Although the conditions in the area seem to be favorable for the species, there have been no reports about its presence elsewhere in the gulf. However, the data probably did not reflect its actual distribution in the region, as the species can be easily misidentified for other bivalves living in the area, and it prefers hard substrates, which have not been studied as extensively as soft substrates. Our study was aimed at determining the actual distribution of M. leucophaeata in the Gulf of Gdańsk, the Vistula Delta and the Vistula Lagoon. The results showed that the species was not widely distributed in the Gulf of Gdańsk and was absent in the Vistula Lagoon. The only new records come from the Vistula Delta where the abundance of M. leucophaeata was up to 69 ind. m-2, i.e. significantly higher than in the Gulf of Gdańsk. Individuals found in the Vistula Delta were also significantly larger, with the length of shells reaching 22-23 mm, which is considered to be the maximum for the species.
EN
This paper presents two types of control and measurement networks used in the levee built as part of the ISMOP project. The first control and measurement network based on pore pressure and temperature sensors. Additionally, it contains the fiber-optic technology. The second network include design experimental sensors, constructed for the development of solutions that can be used in existing flood embankments.
PL
W artykule omówiono wyniki badań wytrzymałości na ścinanie dla 215 prób pobranych z utworów obejmujących strefy zagrożeń osuwiskowych w górotworze złóż węgla brunatnego Turów i Bełchatów. Opisano związki pomiędzy budową geologiczną nadkładu, genezą, cechami geologiczno-inżynierskimi oraz czynnikami wpływającymi na powstawanie lub rozwój osuwisk. Scharakteryzowano procesy zachodzące w ośrodku gruntowym mające wpływ na zmianę parametrów wytrzymałościowych w górotworze. Omówiono metody wyznaczania wartości obliczeniowej według normy PN-B-03020:1981 oraz Eurokod 7 (PN-EN 1997-1:2008P). Przedstawiono zalety i ograniczenia zastosowania „normowych” metod oznaczania parametrów wytrzymałości na ścinanie do analiz stateczności skarp i zboczy w warunkach skomplikowanej budowy geologicznej. Badania testowe wykonano dla 11 różnych powierzchni osłabień strukturalnych, oznaczając parametry wytrzymałości pierwotnej, rezydualnej oraz po zawodnieniu powierzchni poślizgu. Porównując wyniki zmian parametrów, autorzy zaproponowali współczynniki korekcyjne: wskaźnik zmian kąta tarcia wewnętrznego (λɸ , λɸ w) oraz wskaźnik zmian spójności (λ c , λ cw). Wyniki badań wskazują, że wskaźniki zmiany parametrów wytrzymałościowych są wyraźnie zróżnicowane dla kąta tarcia wewnętrznego i spójności. W próbkach pobranych z powierzchni nienaruszonych zmniejszenie oporów ścinania było w znacznej mierze wynikiem redukcji spójności. Na powierzchniach o naruszonej strukturze tendencje zmian parametrów wytrzymałościowych nie są tak wyraźne i zależą od wielu różnych czynników. Analiza wyników potwierdziła, że w strefach zagrożeń osuwiskowych obserwuje się znaczne zmniejszenie parametrów wytrzymałościowych względem parametrów uzyskanych z badań laboratoryjnych nawet po uwzględnieniu ich redukcji do wartości obliczeniowych. Proponowane rozwiązanie, zdaniem autorów, pozwoli na lepsze odzwierciedlenie rzeczywistych warunków geologiczno-inżynierskich, co będzie prowadzić do bezpiecznego projektowania geologiczno-inżynierskiego oraz geotechnicznego.
EN
The article presents results of shear strength tests for 215 samples collected from formations including landslide hazard zones of the Turów and Bełchatów brown coal mine. The relationships between the geological structure of the overlay, genesis, geological-engineering properties, and factors influencing the formation of the landslide have been described. The processes occurring in the ground, influencing change of strength parameters have been characterized. Methods of determining the design value according to PN-B-03020:1981 and Eurocode 7 (PN-EN 1997-1:2008P), have been discussed. Advantages and limitations of using standard methods of determining shear strength parameters for the analysis of slope stability in the complicated geological conditions have been presented. Tests have been realized for 11 various areas of structural weakenings, determining the peak strength, residual strength, and after water accumulation in the slide surface. In comparing the results of parameters change, the authors have proposed the following correction coefficients: index of friction angle change (λɸ , λɸ w) and index of cohesion changes (λ c , λ cw). The indices of change of strength parameters are distinctly diversified for the friction angle and cohesion. The limitation of shear stress resulted mostly from reduction of cohesion in the samples collected from intact surfaces. The trends of strength parameters changes are not as clear and depend on many different factors in terms of the surfaces of disturbance structure. The analysis of results has confirmed that in the landslide hazard areas the significant reduction of strength parameters in relation to parameters obtained in the laboratory tests is observed, even after taking their reduction to the design values into consideration. In the authors’ opinion, the proposed solution allows for a better representation of the actual geological engineering and geotechnical conditions, leading to safe designing.
EN
The aim of this article is to describe and characterize the properties of the overburden overlying rocks of “Józefka” mine, with an attempt to demonstrate a dependence of diversified mineral composition on geotechnical characteristics of the tested material. The article presents previously obtained unpublished data necessary for the evaluation of the physical characteristics of the overlying rocks. The research was conducted in the mining area of the “Józefka” mine, located in Górno – ca. 10 km eastwards from Kielce. Dolomite and calcareous rocks, estimated to be Givetian in age (Czarnocki 1938), are exploited in the mine. The obtained material is used as road aggregate. The deposit is located in the southern part of the Świętokrzyskie Mountains, in the so-called Kielce zone being a part of Małopolska Province Massif (Stupnicka 1997). Silty soils occur there as pockets and interbeds. An attempt to describe them precisely has not been undertaken as yet. Three samples with intact structure and natural moisture were collected during field work. The deposit investigations were carried out at two stages: 1) mineralogical and petrographic, and 2) geotechnical. At the first stage, the analysis included optical microscopy of thin sections, X-ray diffractometry and thermal differential analysis DTA. Clay fraction (below 2 μm) was separated by settling in water. Oriented specimens, glikoled and heated to 550°C were analyzed. The rock contains up to 70 wt% of detrital quartz. The second stage of the research programme was conducted in accordance with the engineering practice and standards (PKN-CEN ISO/TS 17892-2:20 09). Basic physical parameters were established: - natural moisture – w n [%], - bulk density – ρ [g/cm 3 ], - density – ρ s [g /cm 3 ], - granulometric composition, - plasticity – w P [%] and liquidity limits – w L [%], - swelling index – p [%]. The results of the mineralogical and petrographical tests revealed that kaolinite is the main fraction of clay minerals in all three samples. The content of clay fraction was determined with the use of two methods: - water separation – 50 g of material was prepared; the clay material in sample 1 constitutes 55% of the whole material, in sample 2–40%, and in sample 3–39%; - areometric – 35g of material was prepared; the results show that the proportions of the clay material amount to: sample 1–48%, sample 2–33%, sample 3–29%. The concurrence of results of both methods is evident. The maximum difference of clay fraction content was 10%. It indicates the difference in selecting equally representative samples. During the geotechnical determination the tested soil was classified as: sample 1 – clay (Cl), sample 2 – sandy clay (saCl), sample 3 – silty sandy clay (sasiCl) (PN-EN ISO 14688-2:2006). Moreover the following physical properties of the samples were determined: - sample 1: w n = 22.34%, w P = 22.16%, w L = 40.5%, p = 15.42%, ρ = 2.01g/cm 3, ρ s = 2.68 g/cm 3 ; - sample 2: w n = 22.97%, w P = 23.47%, w L = 52%, p = 11.97%, ρ = 2.04g/cm 3, ρ s = 2.66 g/cm 3 ; - sample 3: w n = 20.21%, w P = 21.3%, w L = 43%, p = 21.5%, ρ = 2.05 g/cm 3, ρ s = 2.68 g/cm 3. Sample 3 was classified as highly swelling, which confirms a significant content of smectite in the mineral composition. Other samples were classified as medium swelling, correspondingly sample 1: 15.42%, and sample 2: 11.97% (Niedzielski 1993). The lowest value of bulk density of sample 1 indicates increased content of clay fraction. This is confirmed by the mineralogical and petrographical tests. Soils present in “Józefka” deposit overburden may be used as an addition to vegetable fertilizers. Their use will increase sorption of cations and water in soil. This material should be mined in a selective way due to its variability.
9
Content available remote Monitoring wałów przeciwpowodziowych w systemie bezpieczeństwa powodziowego
PL
W ocenie ryzyka powodziowego oraz zarządzaniu sytuacją kryzysową w czasie powodzi coraz większe znaczenie przypisuje się systemom ostrzegania oraz monitoringowi stanu wałów przeciwpowodziowych. Europejskie i polskie (Projekt ISMOP) doświadczenia wskazują na wykorzystanie wielu nowych rozwiązań technicznych w zakresie monitoringu obwałowań przeciwpowodziowych.
EN
One of the forms of flood protection is the use of flood embankments, i.e. banked structures intended to significantly limit the extent of floodingof areas near river basins by the waters accumulated during floods, and not as some mistakenly believe to eliminate this flooding. This article presents the state-of-the-art of this type of flood protection in Poland. Additionally, principles for the monitoring of such structures outlines in Polish law are presented, and types of monitoring which are essential for the minimisation of risk are discussed.
EN
The article presents the results of research of the activated landslide in Radziszów in 2010. The study focused on the evaluation of engineering geology conditions, preceded by geophysical surveys. It mainly focused on the GPR method using the IDS georadar equipped with antennas in the frequency range of 100 MHz. Antenna selection was based on archival research which showed that the depth of occurrence of clays, where the roof can be a potential slip surface, ranges between 3–10 m below the surface. GPR method applied allowed the course of the potential slip surface to be determined and the results obtained significantly correlated with the results of engineering geology tests carried out.
EN
The technical condition of levees is decides on the safety of property and persons residing in the protected areas. Monitoring is an important issue. Levees in Poland have been used, in the majority, for over 20 (22% of embankments) or 40 (59% of embankments) years. They were formed from accidental, heterogeneous material and they are characterized by their uneven compaction (Borys 2007). The European experiences indicate the use of many technical solutions in the scope of levee monitoring. Two approaches can be differentiated: a local approach – concerning the levee condition and a global approach – comprising the issues of water management and flood safety. The global approach was implemented in Imprints, WeSenseIt, and the most advanced – Urban Flood projects. In Poland, such an approach is implemented by the National Water Management Authority (KZGW) within the framework of the IT System of the Country’s Protection (ISOK) project. The local approach was adopted in the projects of the French Cemagref (today’s Irstea), IJkdijk, Dredg-Dikes or the Polish ISMOP (Zhu et al. 2009, Cunat et al. 2010, Khan et al. 2010, Artières et al. 2011, Courivaud et al. 2011, Pięta et al. 2014, Stanisz et al. 2014). There has been little research concerning the behaviour of levee in Poland. Currently, with the cooperation of AGH University of Science and Technology in Kraków and the following companies: SWECO Hydroprojekt Kraków sp. z o.o., Neosentio and ZPPUH Budokop Sp. z o.o, a project titled, IT System of Levee Monitoring (ISMOP), is being conducted. A system approach to the issue of flood earth embankment monitoring is the aim of the Project. The purpose of the research is the creation of a system which monitors the static and dynamic behaviour of levee in real time. ISMOP is aimed at the mass gathering of data concerning selected processes taking place in the levee, optimization of data transfer as well as the interpretation and analysis, with the use of numerical simulations and a system of visualization, of the levee’s condition. The use of a number of sensors monitoring changes within the body and their comparison with the results of numerical simulations is an innovation (linked mechanical, hydrological and thermal models) (Bukowska-Belniak & Krawiec 2014). The proposed approach enables a prediction of the levee condition, with a defined probability of the occurrence of processes having unfavourable impact on the levee structure, to be made (Piórkowski & Leśniak 2014). An experimental levee at a scale of 1:1 (width × length × height = 58 × 208 × 4.5 m) was built within the framework of the project. It consists of two, parallel sections formed of soils with a variable filtration coefficient. The research is taking place in Czernichów, 20 km west of Kraków. Sensors in three measurement profiles were placed in the levee. Monitoring inside the embankment comprises a local measurement of pore pressure (35 pcs), temperature (35 pcs) and soil pressure (6 pcs). In addition, 6 inclinometers (length – 6.5 m each) and 24 piezometres (total length 82 m) were included in the construction. Linear measurement of the temperature with the use of a sensory optoelectronic cable (ca. 1300 m) is also being conducted. In the vicinity of the levee a weather station was located in order to monitor weather conditions. Measurements delivered by the network of sensors during experiments constitute the major element of tightness assessment and, indirectly, the levee stability assessment. In addition, the levee surface monitoring, based on survey methods – classical measurements (tacheometers, GPS) and with the use of above-ground long-range interferometric radar, is being performed (IBIS-L). Within the duration of the experiment, an infrared camera FLIR T620 was used. Geophysical measurements, using the electrical resistance method, are carried out on external parts of the designed levee. The use of optoelectronic technology is an important aspect. The project enables verification of its efficiency within the duration of an artificially evoked freshet wave. The measurement scenarios performed assume repeated high water levels depending on the simulation of the wave flowing through the watershed of mountainous, upland or lowland environments. Physical and mechanical parameters measured by sensors are recorded and analysed on an Automatic Measurement System. On the basis of data coming from the sensors and numerical models t he system performs a risk assessment in real time. Based on the analysis of the group of measured parameters, an alarm signal, indicating a crisis situation, is activated in a hazard situation. This fact will be reported in the following cases:− the increase in the parameter value within a defined time period,− changes of admissible gradients,− exceeding more than one alarm level,− damage of apparatus or communication errors (anomalous readouts or the lack of readouts). The occurrence of risk in a given flood situation will result in the activation of the procedure increasing the frequency of sampling of measured physical values. At the moment of lowering the water table, the sampling step will be decreased. Such a solution will enable less power consumption and will automatically shift into “stand-by” mode allowing for, e.g., system maintenance or sensor calibration. The ISMOP project will also ensure the verification of data obtained from the measurements by the optoelectronic method and other measurement sensors by numerical models. Preliminary results of numerical simulations indicate the places where the levee’s stability is lost, and the course of the filtration curve. Within their duration, the linear relationship between changes in temperature and pore pressure in the levee body, with a low hydraulic gradient, has been demonstrated. In the case of increased flow, the increase in pore pressure value is higher than the increase in temperature value. Tests will determine the measurement methodology and they will also verify the substantiation of the installation of particular sensors in flood embankments. Close cooperation between scientists and designers may contribute to the determination of new, economically substantiated, standards of embankment condition assessment both during and after a flood.
EN
Determining thermal properties and morphology seems to be useful in the analysis of release and degradation processes form polymeric materials. Risperidone is available in the formulation of a long-acting injection based on poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide). Currently, alternative solutions are also offered, i.e., nano- and microparticles or implants, including copolymers of lactide and glycolide. The effect of risperidone content on the properties of poly(L-lactide-co-glycolide) matrices was determined. The study also involved an assessment of the changes during degradation. Risperidone free matrices and the matrices with risperidone were obtained by solvent casting. Thermal characteristics were tested by means of differential scanning calorimetry, and the morphology was evaluated using a scanning electron microscope. Risperidone did not change significantly semi-crystalline structure of poly(L-lactide-co-glycolide) matrices. The decrease in crystallization temperature and glass transition temperature during degradation was observed. Many pores and their deformation, the widening of pore area, cracks and slits because of degradation were observed. The analysis of thermal properties and morphology allowed us to explain degradation process. Matrices exhibited stable process of degradation, which may be advantageous for development of prolonged risperidone release systems.
EN
DC resistivity methods, soundings and Electrical Resistivity Tomography, were applied to study shallow geology in the place of planned construction of an experimental flood bank. The geoelectrical surveys provided quantitative information about the spatial presence of the various geoelectrical/geological layers: alluvial soils, sands, gravels and clays. ERT allowed maps to be constructed showing subsurface structure. A combination of geoelectrical and geological information resulted in a much better identification of the geological structure.
EN
Computer measuring systems based on a net a of sensors, which register selected physical parameters, could be employed to support the flood hazard management. Such systems were developed as a part of scientific projects in Denmark (IJkDijk/Macrostability) and Holland (IJkDijk Piping). The Computer System for Monitoring Levees (ISMOP) is now being contructed in Poland. For experiment purposes a reservoir comprising of two 208-metre, interconnected segments of a levee (58 m × 4.5 m, width × height) will be build. In the area of the levee there will be installed 35 sensors to measure the changes of pore water pressure, temperature, vertical strains, levels of a water table and displacements within the levee's body. Furthermore, the levee's strains will be monitored by means of standard geodetic methods and a ground-based, long-range interferometric radar (IBIS-L). The levee will also be monitored by an equipment for measuring electric resistance in the ground and a thermographic camera. An analysis of information obtained by sensors will allow for establishing an optimal method for cost-effective and successful determination of the levees' conditions during the flood and also after its appearance.
EN
This work is only a preliminary study on the evaluation of geological engineering properties of loess area of Kraków. It has been expanded to include field tests (CPTU, DMT), which is an alternative to expensive and time-consuming laboratory tests. The field tests allow enough detail to track the variability of physical and mechanical properties of soils, but in many cases, provide too much information, because their interpretation is often based only on a qualitative analysis. Laboratory and field tests are complementary and should be continued in order to determine best the correlation between the measured values of the resistance probes (CPTU, DMT) and the results obtained from laboratory tests. This will provide new calculation formulas for the evaluation of geotechnical parameters of loess in situ.
EN
The paper presents the preliminary results of research conducted on a landslide in Radziszow, which was one of the largest landslides, almost 100 ha in surface area, among 275 registered in the area of the urban-rural commune of Skawina. It is an old landslide, which reactivates during the periods of long-term and intense precipitation and resulting in the occurrence of characteristic morphological forms, such as, cracks, humps, step-like flattening forms, and hollows, which are sometimes filled with water. The land which has been deformed by geodynamic processes poses a threat to people as well as their dwelling and farmstead buildings. There are more than 30 dwelling and farm buildings located in the landslide area, which bear evidence of landslide activity through visible cracks on buildings and their foundations, as well as fractured concrete and pavements surrounding the buildings, damaged property fencing and tilted pylons. Additionally, the geological structure of the landslide creates favourable conditions for its expansion. It will be extremely difficult to stabilize the landslide due to its size, thus, the stabilization of it along the whole length is out of the question. Using a system of surface and in-depth monitoring will make it possible to determine the pace and directions of the most intense movements and research of the in-depth dynamics of the landslide will establish the size and depth of the movements. At the same time, the system will be a kind of alarm for people living in the landslide area.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono wstępne wyniki badań jednego z 275 zarejestrowanych, a zarazem jednego z największych osuwisk zlokalizowanych w gminie Skawina, zajmującego powierzchnie prawie 100 ha, a znajdującego się w miejscowości Radziszów. Jest to stare osuwisko, które daje znać o sobie zwłaszcza w okresach długotrwałych i intensywnych opadów, o czym świadczą dosyć dobitnie charakterystyczne formy morfologiczne tj. spękania, garby, progi, spłaszczenia i zagłębienia, które niekiedy wypełnione są wodą. Obszar przekształcany przez procesy geodynamiczne stanowi znaczne zagrożenie dla ludności i zabudowy mieszkaniowo-zagrodowej - na terenie osuwiska zlokalizowanych jest ponad 30 budynków mieszkalnych i gospodarczych - widoczne spękania na budynkach i fundamentach, popękane nawierzchnie betonowe wokół budynków oraz uszkodzone ogrodzenia posesji i poprzekrzywiane słupy energetyczne. Dodatkowo rozwojowi osuwiska sprzyja budowa geologiczna. Osuwisko ze względu na swoją wielkość będzie bardzo trudne do ustabilizowana, w związku z tym brak jest możliwości stabilizacji całości osuwiska. Zastosowanie systemu monitoringu powierzchniowego i wgłębnego, pozwoli określić tempo i kierunki najintensywniejszych ruchów, zbadać dynamikę wgłębną osuwiska oraz stwierdzić wielkość i głębokość przemieszczeń. System będzie jednocześnie stanowił rodzaj alarmu dla ludności zamieszkującej teren osuwiska.
EN
The study area is located in the northern part of the Tatra Mts. The 3D geological model of the nummulitic Eocene is based on geological surface data, cross-sections as well as digital elevation model. Model contains six lithological units: nummulitic limestones, detritic limestones, dolomitic sandstones, grey conglomerates, red conglomerates and also comprise two vertical faults. Geological model allows to create solids, surfaces and various horizontal and vertical sections. Based on these it was possible to estimate spatial distribution and thickness variations of modeling units and verify position of geological contacts. An analysis of the model defined fault’s displacement parameters and confirmed synsedimentary origin of faults.
PL
Powszechnie stosowanym sposobem likwidacji poeksploatacyjnych wyrobisk odkrywkowych jest częściowe lub całkowite wypełnienie ich gruntem zwałowanym pochodzącym z usuniętego nadkładu. Jednym z problemów związanych z tym sposobem likwidacji wyrobisk jest duże osiadanie składowanych gruntów spowodowane ich wysoką ściśliwością. Znajomość ściśliwości i wielkości osiadania pozwala na prawidłowe zaprojektowanie pożądanej i docelowej wysokości nasypu oraz na przeprowadzenie bilansu wymaganej i dysponowanej objętości zwałowanych mas gruntowych. W pracy zaproponowano metodę obliczania osiadania nasypu z gruntu zwałowanego zdeponowanego w likwidowanym wyrobisku odkrywkowym obejmującą osiadanie od obciążenia własnego oraz osiadanie zapadowe spowodowane rekonstrukcją zwierciadła wody gruntowej. W proponowanej metodzie oparto się na rozwiązaniu przedstawionym w pracy Nwabuokei & Lovell (1985) dotyczącym osiadania nasypów z gruntów zagęszczanych. Przykładowe obliczenia przeprowadzono, wykorzystując parametry ściśliwości i potencjału osiadania zapadowego wyznaczone na podstawie własnych badań autorów.
EN
Common remediation method of inactive open pits is a partial or complete infilling with dump soil derived from removed overburden. A problems which rises during such remediation is a significant settlement of soils caused by its high compressibility. Recognition of compressibility and settlement enables the proper design of both required and final depths of the fill and allows to balance the required and existing volumes of dumped material. Authors proposed a calculation method for settlement of dumped fill deposited in an inactive open pit, which includes self-weight settlement and collapse settlement caused by recovery of groundwater table. The proposed calculation is based upon solution given by Nwabuokei & Lovell (1985) for settlement of fills composed of compacted soil. Examples of calculations are presented in which both the compressibility and collapse potential parameters were determined from authors' own studies.
PL
Obserwowany w ostatnich latach rozwój możliwości obliczeniowych programów do oceny stateczności oraz liczne wyniki badań laboratoryjnych pozwalają na coraz doskonalsze symulowanie zachowania się górotworu. Niemniej problem osuwisk wciąż nie jest w pełni rozwiązany, nadal bowiem dochodzi do ich powstawania. Analiza stateczności zboczy wymaga uwzględnienia szeregu czynników związanych ze stopniem skomplikowania budowy geologicznej i parametrami gruntów. Nadal jednym z najistotniejszych zagadnień pozostaje dobór miarodajnych parametrów obliczeniowych, szczególnie w strefach o złożonej budowie geologicznej. W artykule omówiono czynniki wpływające na parametry wytrzymałości na ścinanie w strefach zagrożeń osuwiskowych, na podstawie wyników badań i obserwacji prowadzonych w kopalniach węgla brunatnego "Turów" i "Bełchatów". Ruchy masowe gruntów zarejestrowane w kopalniach odkrywkowych z uwagi na charakter eksploatacji, odsłonięcie skarp, bieżące monitorowanie i możliwości techniczne kopalni umożliwiają obserwację zjawisk towarzyszących procesom zachodzących na powierzchniach poślizgu. Istnieje możliwość wykorzystania części wyników do oceny stateczności skarp również w miejscach, gdzie obserwacje tych zjawisk są znacznie utrudnione, dotyczy to np. osuwisk karpackich.
EN
The recently observed development into possibilities of calculation programs for calculations of stability and numerous results of laboratory investigations help to obtain a more and more perfect simulation of rockmass behaviour. Nevertheless, a problem of landslides has not been fully solved as they still originate. The analysis of slope stability requires consideration of a number of factors connected with a degree of complexity of geological structure and parameters of soils. One of the most essential problems is still a choice of reliable calculating parameters, especially in the zones of complicated geological structure. In the paper factors influencing shear strength parameters in the zones of landslide threats have been discussed while basing on the results of investigations and observations in the brown coal mines "Turów" and "Bełchatów". Mass movements of soils in open pit mines due to their exploitation, outcrop of slops, current monitoring and technical possibilities of mines help to observe in a relatively easy way certain phenomena accompanying the processes occurring on the surfaces of a landslides. There exists a possibility of applying some results for the evolution of slope stability also in the places where observations of phenomena occurring on the slide surfaces are considerably more complicated, e.g. in the Carpathian landslides.
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