Scanning acoustic microscopy (SAM) is an attractive tool in the non-destructive inspection of printed circuit boards, thick film, thin layers and microelectronic packages. For example it permits to detect subsurface delaminations, cracks and pores (air bubbles) for different materials: metals, plastics, ceramics or composites. The examples of different electronic components and circuits observed in SONOSCAN D-9000 ultrasonic microscope with frequencies of transducers between 10 Mhz and MHz and 230 MHz are presented in this paper.
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This paper is dedicated to gain a better understanding of condensation phenomena in turbulent transonic environment. A 2-D finite volume code has been developed that does also include three different condensation models: pure homogeneous, pure heterogeneous and simultaneous homogeneous/heterogeneous condensation, as well as imperfect gas effects. To be applicable to a variety of technical problems, the code has been extended by a low Reynolds number two equation turbulence model [2 , 14] . The results show excellent agreement with experiments. (Applications: steam turbine L, tip section of steam turbine Bak).
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