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1
Content available Wearing quality of austenitic, duplex cast steel, gray and spheroidal graphite iron
Pietrowski S.
Archives of Foundry Engineering
|
2012
|
Vol. 12, iss. 2
235-244
EN
The current work presents the research results of abrasion wear and adhesive wear at rubbing and liquid friction of new austenitic, austenitic-ferritic ('duplex') cast steel and gray cast iron EN-GJL-250, spheroidal graphite iron EN-GJS-600-3, pearlitic with ledeburitic carbides and spheroidal graphite iron with ledeburitic carbides with a microstructure of the metal matrix: pearlitic, upper bainite, mixture of upper and lower bainite, martensitic with austenite, pearlitic-martensitic-bainitic-ausferritic obtained in the raw state. The wearing quality test was carried out on a specially designed and made bench. Resistance to abrasion wear was tested using sand paper P40. Resistance to adhesive wear was tested in interaction with steel C55 normalized, hardened and sulfonitrided. The liquid friction was obtained using CASTROL oil. It was stated that austenitic cast steel and 'duplex' are characterized by a similar value of abrasion wear and adhesive wear at rubbing friction. The smallest decrease in mass was shown by the cast steel in interaction with the sulfonitrided steel C55. Austenitic cast steel and 'duplex' in different combinations of friction pairs have a higher wear quality than gray cast iron EN-GJL-250 and spheroidal graphite iron EN-GJS-600-3. Austenitic cast steel and 'duplex' are characterized by a lower wearing quality than the spheroidal graphite iron with bainitic-martensitic microstructure. In the adhesive wear test using CASTROL oil the tested cast steels and cast irons showed a small mass decrease within the range of 1-2 mg.
2
Content available Microsegregation in nodular cast iron with carbides
Pietrowski S., Gumienny G.
Archives of Foundry Engineering
|
2012
|
Vol. 12, iss. 4
127-134
EN
In this paper results of microsegregation in the newly developed nodular cast iron with carbides are presented. To investigate the pearlitic and bainitic cast iron with carbides obtained by Inmold method were chosen. The distribution of linear elements on the eutectic cell radius was examined. To investigate the microsegregation pearlitic and bainitic cast iron with carbides obtained by Inmold method were chosen. The linear distribution of elements on the eutectic cell radius was examined. Testing of the chemical composition of cast iron metal matrix components, including carbides were carried out. The change of graphitizing and anti-graphitizing element concentrations within eutectic cell was determined. It was found, that in cast iron containing Mo carbides crystallizing after austenite + graphite eutectic are Si enriched.
3
Content available remote Theoretical basis of Al-Si coat crystallization on gray and nodular cast iron and making the layered items using it
Pietrowski S., Szymczak T.
Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering
|
2011
|
Vol. 49, nr 2
421--439
EN
Purpose: The aim of this study was to present studies of crystallization and the construction of the coat consisting of Al-Si alloys, also with alloy additives: Ni, Cu and Mg, deposited on gray and nodular cast iron, and the connection through this coat the layered item. On this basis, a model of creating a coat and layered item was developed. Design/methodology/approach: Studies of coats and layered products were carried out on scanning electron and optical microscopes. The chemical microanalysis and diffraction of backward scattered atoms in the characteristic areas of the coat and substrate material was made. Findings: : In this paper the influence of the most important technological factors on the thickness and phase construction of the silumin coat and connection quality in the layered item was presented. Research limitations/implications: Currently, research of dip application of coats made of silumins containing: Cu, Ni, Mg, Cr, Mo, W and V on non-alloy and alloy steels and the manufacture of layered items to their use are conducted. Practical implications: Dip coats are used as protective coats or intermediate coat of layered item. The paper presents an example of the implementation for the manufacture of the layered items low-alloyed gray cast iron-silumin coat-silumin reciprocating compressor body for room air conditioning. Originality/value: Originality of the paper consists in elaborating of the theoretical model of forming the diffusion layer made of Al-Si-M silumin on iron alloys. Theoretical basis of layers production were elaborated too. They are significant for collar fillings production in high-pressure combustion engines pistons, as anticorrosive layers and for layered items production.
4
Content available Temperature and microstructure characteristics of silumin casting AlSi9 made with investment casting method
Pietrowski S., Rapiejko C.
Archives of Foundry Engineering
|
2011
|
Vol. 11, iss. 3 spec.
177--186
EN
This work presents the research result of the temperature distribution and the microstructure in certain parts of the field-glass body frame casting made from silumin AlSi9 using the investment casting method in the ceramic mould. It was proved that the highest temperature of the silumin appears in the sprue in which the silumin is in the liquid-solid state, though the process of silumin crystallization in the casting is finished. It was stated that in certain elements of the casting the side opposite to the runner crystallizes and cools fastest. The differences in the rate of crystalline growth and cooling of certain casting elements cause different microstructure in them which can also influence the mechanic properties. It is necessary to state that the temperature of the initial heating of the ceramic mold equal to 60ºC guarantees obtaining of the castings without defects and of little porosity. Incomplete modification of the silumin with strontium causes silica precipitation to appear close to the spherical ones.
5
Content available remote Selected properties of new "duplex" cast steel
Pietrowski S., Gumienny G., Masalski M.
Archives of Foundry Engineering
|
2011
|
Vol. 11, iss. 4
123-130
EN
In this paper selected properties of new 'duplex' cast steel are presented. The new cast steel was devised in HYDRO-VACUUM company in Grudziądz, where 'duplex' cast steel for pump elements is smelted. The goal was to devise a new grade of 'duplex' cast steel of better physicochemical properties and cheaper than now applied. It was demonstrated, that there is the possibility of devising the new grade of 'duplex' cast steel. It is characterized by higher mechanical properties, similar wear resistance and greater corrosion resistance in 15% water solution of H2SO4 in comparison to now ap p lied 'duplex' cast steel. The chemical composition was selected to obtain in microstructure about of 50% ferrite and 50% austenite. It guarantee the highest properties and the lowest costs of its smelting. In the paper results of: the microstructure, Rm, Rp0,2, A5, HB, wear resistance and corrosion resistance in water solution of 15% HCl and H2SO4 acids of new cast steel was presented. They were compared with now applied in HYDRO-VACUUM company 'duplex' cast steel.
6
Content available remote Possibilities of obtaining and controlling high-quality pressure castings
Pietrowski S., Walczak W., Pisarek B., Władysiak R.
Archives of Foundry Engineering
|
2011
|
Vol. 11, iss. 3
125-142
EN
The paper presents the influence of the type of furnace charging melting, refining and modification silumins 226 and 231 on the porosity and microstructure of castings. It was shown that in order to reduce or eliminate the porosity of the castings is necessary to the refining ECOSAL-AL113 of liquid silumin both in the melting furnace, and in the ladle and an additional nitrogen, in the heat furnace modified and refining with nitrogen. To control the effects of refining and modifying the TDA method was used. It was found that based on crystallization curve can be qualitatively assess the gas porosity of the castings. In order to control and quality control silumins author developed a computer program using the method of TDA, which sets out: Rm, A5, HB and casting porosity P and the concentration of hydrogen in them. The program also informs the technological procedures to be performed for liquid silumin improper preparation.
7
Content available remote Manufacturing technology of high-quality pressure castings
Pietrowski S., Pisarek B., Władysiak R.
Archives of Foundry Engineering
|
2011
|
Vol. 11, iss. 4
109-122
EN
The paper presents manufacturing technology of pressure castings made of Al-Si alloy without porosity or with low microporosity of castings. It has been shown that the greatest impact on the porosity of the castings and the concentration of hydrogen has had the charge to the melting furnace. Liquidation or occurrence of a small microporosity of castings provides refining with solid ref iners, nitrogen and modification of liquid alloy after various operations of preparing process. The liquid alloy stored in holding furnace should be refined once every 2 h with nitrogen. Authors developed a computer program of Al-Si alloys inspection with using of TDA method. The developed technology was verified under production conditions.
8
Content available remote Crystallisation and microstructure of low-silicon silumins with alloy additions
Pietrowski S.
Archives of Foundry Engineering
|
2011
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Vol. 11, iss. 3
113-124
EN
The paper presents the results of the analysis of crystallisation and microstructure of non-alloy silumins that contain: 2,0-6,0% of Si and alloy additions, approximately: 4,0% Ni, 4,0% of Cu and 0,5% of Mg, the knowledge of which is still very little. It has been proven that in non-alloy silumins, the increase of silicone concentration causes extending of crystallisation time of the eutectic mixture [...] and refinement of \alfa phase dendrites. It also causes the increase of the temperature of crystallisation of the eutectic mixture [...]. Alloy additions: Ni, Cu and Mg decrease by approximately 30 C the liquidus and solidus temperatures of silumins and extend the time of their crystallisation by around 100 sec. in comparison with non-alloy silumins. It is caused by crystallisation of additional phases Al3NiCu, Mg2Si and Al2Cu. Nickel, copper and magnesium refine the microstructure of castings.
9
Content available remote High quality casting materials
Pietrowski S.
Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering
|
2010
|
Vol. 43, nr 1
136-144
EN
Purpose: The paper briefly presents results of the new developed high quality cast materials. Design/methodology/approach: The following materials are: hypereutectoid cast steel with various microstructure modular graphite obtained in as-cast condition (raw state), ductile cast iron of bainite-martensitic carbides structure obtained in a raw state, aluminum bronzes and silumins with additives of: chromium, molybdenum, wolfram, vanadium. Findings: These alloys are characterized primarily by significant mechanical properties and high wear resistance. It was also discussed getting of layer products by combination of steel or cast iron using alphinated layer with silumin. Practical implications: The paper discusses the high quality cast alloy, layer products and presents the high quality casting materials in the point of view principles of materials selection. Originality/value: The above problem is shown in the background of “Rules of material selection” as well as a model of production system in company. Keywords: Hypereutectoid cast steel with graphite; Ductile cast iron with carbides; Bronzes; Mechanical properties
10
Content available remote New high materials for machinery and foundry devices
Pietrowski S.
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
|
2010
|
Vol. 55, iss. 3
905-914
EN
This paper presents the details rules of material selection predicted for machine parts. Hardness of most applied materials and layers manufactured by PVD method were given. The basic characteristics of new materials selected from alloys group: iron, cooper, aluminum were presented. Revealed its high wear resistance, corrosion resistance and significant mechanical properties.
PL
W pracy przedstawiono uszczegółowione zasady wyboru materiału na części maszyn, podano twardość najczęściej stosowanych materiałów i powłok osadzanych metodami PVD. Przedstawiono podstawową charakterystykę nowych materiałów z grupy stopów: żelaza, miedzi i aluminium. Wykazano ich wysoka odporność na zużycie, korozje oraz znaczne własności wytrzymałościowe.
11
Content available remote Selected characteristic of silumins with additives of Ni, Cu, Cr, Mo, W and V
Pietrowski S., Szymczak T., Siemińska-Jankowska B., Jankowski A.
Archives of Foundry Engineering
|
2010
|
Vol. 10, iss. 2
107--126
EN
The study, presents an investigation results of new grades of silumins containing of: 7,0÷17,0% Si, 4,0% Ni, 4,0% Cu and 0,5% Cr, Mo, W each as well as V. The influence tests were carried out of - antimony addition, strontium and phosphorus modification, supersaturation and ageing processes - on microstructure and silumins hardness. Revealed that investigated silumins, depending on the state, are characterized by hardness in the range of 80÷180 HB.
12
Content available remote Influence of reaction chamber shape on cast-iron spheroidization process in-mold
Pietrowski S.
Archives of Foundry Engineering
|
2010
|
Vol. 10, iss. 1
115-122
EN
This paper presents a results concerning the influence of reaction chamber shape on cast - iron spheroidization process in form. The volume of the tested reaction chambers was about 118000mm3. Reaction chambers in the shape of: rectangular, cylinder and spherical cap were examined. It has been shown that the best graphite spheroidizing process was provided by spherical cap chamber shape. The reaction of cast – iron with magnesium in reaction chamber depends on the flow of cast - iron in the chamber. In rectangular and cylinder shape chambers proceed the impact of diphase stream on flat bottom wall. It causes the creation on its surface film, called: cast – iron "film", where single grains of magnesium master alloy exist. The largest part of master alloy is drifted by liquid cast – iron to the top and only there graphite spheroidization process proceed. In the spherical cap shape reaction chamber, as a result of rotation movement of liquid cast – iron throughout its volume, graphite spheroidization process proceed. Apart from the reaction chamber shape, applying of mixing chamber ensure full cast - iron spheroidization process.
13
Content available remote Crystallization, microstructure and mechanical properties of silumins with micro-additions of Cr, Mo, W and V
Pietrowski S., Szymczak T.
Archives of Foundry Engineering
|
2010
|
Vol. 10, iss. 1
123-136
EN
In this paper results of the crystallization, microstructure and mechanical properties studies of hypo-, hyper- and eutectic silumins with addition of: Cr, Mo, W and V in amount of about 0,05% are presented. The influence of Sb, Sr and P together with Ti + B on the silumins crystallization process has been given. Results of: the microstructure, R_m, R_p0,2, A_5 and HB testing of silumins after precipitation hardening and heat treatment in temperature of 560°C/3min and water chilling are presented.
14
Content available remote Bainite obtaining in cast iron with carbides castings
Pietrowski S., Gumienny G.
Archives of Foundry Engineering
|
2010
|
Vol. 10, iss. 1
109-114
EN
In these paper the possibility of upper and lower bainite obtaining in cast iron with carbides castings are presented. Conditions, when in cast iron with carbides castings during continuous free air cooling austenite transformation to upper bainite or its mixture with lower bainte proceeds, have been given. A mechanism of this transformation has been given, Si, Ni, Mn and Mo distribution in the eutectic cell has been tested and hardness of tested castings has been determined.
15
Content available remote Alfinated coating structure on HS6-5-2 (SW7M) high speed steel
Pietrowski S., Szymczak T.
Archives of Foundry Engineering
|
2010
|
Vol. 10, iss. 4
191--198
EN
The paper presents the results of immersion alfinated coating structure in AlSi5 silumin on HS6-5-2 (SW7M) high speed steel. Alfinating bath temperature was 750 ± 5 ° C, time of sample immersion was τ = 180s. Thickness of obtained coating under specified conditions was g = 150μm. Manufactured coating consists of three layers of different construction phase. The first layer from the substrate „g1`” constructed with a AlFe phase consist of alloy additives constituents of HS6-5-2 (SW7M) steel: W, Mo, V, Cr and Si. On it crystallizes the second layer „g1``” of AlFeWMoCr intermetallic phases also containing Si and small amount of V. Last, the outer layer „g2 of the coating is composed with silumin including AlFeWMoCrVSi intermetallic phases. Within all layers of the coating occurs carbides. Penetration of carbides to individual coating layers is mainly due to steel surface partial melting and crystallizing layers „g1`” and „g1``” by alfinating liquid and shifting into her of carbides as well as partial carbides rejection by crystallization front of intermetallic phases occurs in coating.
16
Content available High-quality silumin on pistons of combustion engines
Jankowski A., Pietrowski S., Sieminska B., Szymczak T.
Journal of KONES
|
2009
|
Vol. 16, No. 4
563-573
EN
In the paper the test results are presented for the AlSH2Cu5Ni5MgO.5CrO.05MoO.05WO.05VO.05 newly worked out silumin close to eutectic piston-silumin with the elevated content ofcopper and nickel to approx. 5% with relation to generally applied the AISH2 piston silumin. The novel silumin contains also Cr, Mo, In and V micro alloy additions in quantity approx. 0.05 percent for every element. Research of microstructure, HB hardness and coefficient of lineal thermal expansion a for the AlSil2Cu5Ni5MgO.5CrO.05MoO.05WO.05VO.05 silumin in the cast state, after the separation strengthening and additional short duration high-temperature heat-treatment were performed. Research of the microstructure of the AlSH2Cu5Ni5MgO.5CrO.05MoO.05WO.05VO.05 silumin showed the occurrence in it following constituent phases: alfa(Al), beta(Si), Al2Cu and AlMoCrWVMgNiSiCuFe. The separation strengthening brought about the coagulation of silicon emissions. The short duration high-temperature heat-treatment caused additional coagulation of silicon emissions and also its coalescence. Measurement of the HB hardness showed high hardness investigated alloy in the rough state, approx. 30% higher from the AlSi2 piston silumin. Measurement of the a coefficient of thermal expansion showed beneficial effects of novel alloy connected with the value decreasing of this coefficient as well so called hysteresis. Further studies on novel alloy will concentrate on alloy-additional and processes of the heat treatment.
17
Content available remote Silumins alloy crystallization
Pietrowski S., Szymczak T.
Archives of Foundry Engineering
|
2009
|
Vol. 9, iss. 3
143-158
EN
This paper presents the results of research, by ATD method, of hypo-, near- and hyperutectic silumins crystallization containing the following alloying additives: Mg, Ni, Cu, Cr, Mo, W, V. It has been shown that, depending on their concentration may crystallize preeutectic or eutectic multicomponent phases containing these alloy additives. It has been revealed that any subsequent crystallizable phase nucleate and grows near the liquid/former crystallized phase interface. In multiphases compound also falls the silicon, resulting in a reduction in its quantity and the fragmentation in the eutectic mixture. As a result, it gets a high hardness of silumins in terms of 110-220HB.
18
Content available remote Control of cast iron and casts manufacturing by Inmold method
Pietrowski S.
Archives of Foundry Engineering
|
2009
|
Vol. 9, iss. 3
133-142
EN
In this paper the usability of cast iron spheroidizing process in mould control by ATD method as well as by ultrasonic method were presented. Structure of instrumentation needed for control form performance of cast iron spheroidizing by Inmold method was illustrated. Author, pointed out that amount of magnesium master alloy should obtain 0,8 - 1,0% of mass in form at all. Such quantity of preliminary alloy assure of obtain of nodular graphite in cast iron. In consequence of this, is reduce the cast iron liquidus temperature and decrease of recalescence temperature of graphite-eutectic crystallization in compare with initial cast iron. Control of casts can be carried out by ultrasonic method. In plain cast iron, ferritic-pearlitic microstructure is obtaining. Additives of 1,5% Cu ensure pearlitic structure.
19
Content available remote Wear resistance of cast iron
Pietrowski S., Gumienny G.
Archives of Foundry Engineering
|
2008
|
Vol. 8, iss. 3
173-180
EN
In this paper investigations of abrasive and adhesive wear resistance of different cast iron grades have been presented. Examinations showed, that the most advantageous pair of materials is the cast iron - the hardened steel with low-tempered martensite. It was found, that martensitic nodular cast iron with carbides is the most resistant material.
20
Content available remote The structure of the alphinizing coat on alloy steels
Pietrowski S., Szymczak T.
Archives of Foundry Engineering
|
2008
|
Vol. 8, iss. 4
229-235
EN
In this paper results of the structure of the coat alphinizing in AlSi5 silumin on alloy steels: acid-proof 1H18N9T (X6CrNiTi18-10) and high speed SW18 (HS18-0-1) were presented. The temperature of the alphinizing bath was amounts to750š5°C, and immersion time of the element [tau] = 180s. It was shown, that there is the different "g" coat thickness on testing steels. On the 1H18N9T steel it amounts to g = 52[mikro]m, and on the SW18 steel - g = 203[mikro]m. Regardless of a grade of testing alloy steels the coat consist of three layers with diversified phasic structure. There is different chemical composition of coat layers on testing steels. The first layer from the base consist of AlFe phase containing alloy addictions of steels: Cr and Ni (1H18N9T) and W, V and Cr (SW18). On this layer crystallize the second layer of intermetallic phases. It is the phase containing the main alloy addiction of steels: AlFeCr (1H18N9T) and AlFeW (SW18). The last, outside layer consist of silumin containing AlFeNi intermetallic phases on the 1H18N9T steel and AlFeW on the SW18 steel. Regardless of the grade of testing steels there is Si element in all layers of the coat. There are morphological differences in tested layers. The second layer (AlFeW phase) inside the coat on the SW18 steel consist of faced crystals growing into in outside silumin layer. On the 1H18N9T steel a boundary between transient and outside layer is more uniform. Free separations of intermetallic phases inside silumin layer on the 1H18N9T steel have lamellar and on the SW18 steel - faced form.
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