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1

China’s energy – sustainable strategies

Mazur-Włodarczyk Katarzyna, Misiurski Przemysław, Haładewicz-Grzelak Małgorzata, Karaś Elżbieta, Kolańska-Płuska Joanna

Economics and Environment

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2024

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No. 2

art. no. 656

EN

The article refers to two issues within the semantic field of the concept of ‘wenming’ – i) civilising with Chinese characteristics and ii) relating to the subject of energy - CO2 production in China. One of the dimensions of the concept of ‘civilising’ and the importance of sustainable production and consumption issues in the context of the deepening environmental degradation outlined our goal, which is to present the relationship between the civilised and the sustainable with Chinese characteristics as well as to analyse the level of CO2 pollution. The effect of the above is an attempt to explore the Chinese perception of wenming and to identify regions which are closer to the idea of eco-civilisation. Three variables were adopted for the analysis: i) CO2 emissions, ii) population in a given region, and iii) GDP in a given region. The analysis distinguished four clusters - groups of regions emerging from the dendrogram. Clusters that were isolated using the Ward method can contribute to more precise solutions to fight CO2 emissions and conduct a more appropriate policy related to the possibilities and needs for the production of energy from renewable sources.

PL

Artykuł odnosi się do dwóch zagadnień z pola semantycznego pojęcia „wenming” – i) ucywilizowania o cechach chińskich oraz ii) tematyki energii – produkcji CO2 w Chinach. Jeden z wymiarów koncepcji cywilizowania oraz znaczenia zagadnień zrównoważonej produkcji i konsumpcji w kontekście pogłębiającej się degradacji środowiska nakreślił nasz cel, którym jest przedstawienie relacji między tym, co cywilizowane, a tym, co zrównoważone o chińskiej charakterystyce oraz analiza poziomu zanieczyszczenia CO2. Efektem powyższego jest próba zgłębienia chińskiego postrzegania ucywilizowania i zidentyfikowania regionów bliższych idei eko-cywilizacji. Do analizy przyjęto trzy zmienne: i) emisje CO2, ii) ludność w danym regionie oraz iii) PKB w danym regionie. W analizie wyróżniono cztery klastry – grupy regionów wyłaniające się z dendrogramu. Klastry wyodrębnione metodą Warda mogą przyczynić się do bardziej precyzyjnych rozwiązań w walce z emisjami CO2, do pro-wadzenia bardziej odpowiedniej polityki związanej z możliwościami i potrzebami produkcji energii ze źródeł odnawialnych.

2

Chinese FDI in Poland and the Czech republic – inflows, determinants and challenges

Łukaniszyn-Domaszewska Katarzyna, Mazur-Włodarczyk Katarzyna, Karaś Elżbieta

Zeszyty Naukowe. Organizacja i Zarządzanie / Politechnika Śląska

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2023

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z. 170

283--300

EN

Purpose: The objective of this paper is to present Chinese investment flows and the nature of participation, to analyze the differences between host countries, and to identify the determinants of Chinese FDI in Poland and the Czech Republic. Design/methodology/approach: Comparison of the specifics of Chinese direct investments in Poland and the Czech Republic. Findings: The nature of Chinese investment in Europe is changing. After years of being dominated by mergers and acquisitions, Chinese investment in Europe is now more focused on greenfield projects. In 2021, greenfield investments reached €3.3 billion, the highest ever recorded, and accounted for nearly one- third of all Chinese FDI. More recently, the volume of Chinese FDI in Europe has reached the level of European FDI in China (now constrained by restrictions and risks). It matched the level of FDI by Chinese companies in the United States before declining over the past two years, generally due to Covid-19 and the war in Ukraine. Chinese economic presence in Europe can be divided into three areas based on size, destination, and type of acquisition: The core of Europe is formed by the three major target countries (Germany, UK, France), where more capital-intensive investments are made, followed by other Western European countries (EU-15). The new member states (NMS), which joined the EU in 2004, 2007 and 2013, as well as the Western Balkan countries in the process of accession, are associated with China in the 16+1 format (with the exception of Kosovo) and form another gateway to Europe. Due to fewer market opportunities, they receive less direct investment, but China is building infrastructure (ports, highways, railroads) - segments of the Silk Road that will bring Chinese products to mature EU markets (Richtet, 2019). It is unlikely that Chinese investment in Europe will recover in 2023. The Chinese government is expected to maintain strict capital controls, financial retrenchment, and Covid-19 restrictions. The war in Ukraine and the expansion of regulations to monitor and control Chinese investments in the EU and the UK will cause additional difficulties. Originality/value: The article could be an attempt to answer the question of combining macroeconomic and institutional factors to better understand the internationalization of firms (Dunning, Lundan, 2008). There is no doubt, that the Covid-19 pandemic and the war in Ukraine made it necessary to deepen the study of the phenomenon of FDI, its inflows, determinants, and related challenges in a turbulent world.

3

Organizational culture - Asian concepts of kaizen, gongfu and xiushen

Karaś Elżbieta, Mazur-Włodarczyk Katarzyna

Zeszyty Naukowe. Organizacja i Zarządzanie / Politechnika Śląska

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2022

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z. 158

281--294

EN

Purpose: The aim of the article is to present the organizational method of kaizen and Chinese concepts related to self-development - gongfu i xiushen, which are typical of Asian countries. Design/methodology/approach: The method of desk research was used in the study. Kazen, gongfu, and xiushen derive from the major premises and values of the organizational cultures in Japanese and Chinese companies. They are becoming more and more popular in Europe and the USA. They are essential in managing change as they can develop key values necessary for organizational improvement and support the implementation of organizational change strategies. Therefore, they increase companies’ innovation on the market. The article presents a brief description of the organizational culture and the essence of the concepts of kaizen, gongfu and xiushen. It also presents a comparison of these approaches in terms of the cultural conditions of the Japanese and Chinese economies. Findings: In the context of management science, in the literature, there is a lot of information on the Japanese concept of kaizen and very little of gongfu and xiushen. Although all of the concepts developed in Asia and are related to improvement, they differ from each other. Practical implications: The possibility of a future increase in the attention of non-Asian managers on Chinese methods of improvement is recognized. Originality/value: The new value is presenting the concepts of gongfu and xiushen within management science. As well as the comparison of concepts of kaizen, gongfu, and xiushen.