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O wartościach przestrzennych Osi Saskiej Warszawy

Kłosek-Kozłowska D.

Kwartalnik Architektury i Urbanistyki

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2017

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T. 62, z. 3

5--42

PL

Jeśli spojrzymy na strukturę urbanistyczną Warszawy poprzez ocenę wartości historycznych założeń przestrzennych, tych które wiążą miasto z najcenniejszymi osiągnięciami urbanistyki europejskiej, to niewątpliwie w środowiskach profesjonalnych barokowe założenie Osi Saskiej znajdzie się wśród najczęściej dostrzeganych i wymienianych. Jak wiadomo, w swojej koncepcji nawiązuje ono bezpośrednio do Wersalu, gdzie rezydencja królewska, kompozycja ogrodowa i nowo rozplanowane elementy struktury miasta tworzą współosiową, wielkoprzestrzenną kompozycję o nieskończonych, dalekich zasięgach. Badania historyczne potwierdzające związek obu tych założeń, właśnie na ich wspólne odniesienia ideowe i formalne zwracają szczególną uwagę. Podkreślają "nieskończony", zachodni zasięg kompozycyjny Osi Saskiej przedłużony w układzie ról dalekiej Woli, oraz równie dalekie otwarcie w kierunku wschodnim, którego kontynuację przekraczającą wnętrze Krakowskiego Przedmieścia i skarpę dostrzega się w przedłużeniu koryta starorzecza Wisły i związkach z otwartym krajobrazem brzegu Pragi, wówczas jeszcze słabo na tym odcinku zurbanizowanym.

EN

Considering the urban structure of Warsaw from the point of view of the value of its historical layouts that can be classified among the pinnacles of European urban planning, the baroque composition of the Saxon Axis (Oś Saska) would undoubtedly be the one most often mentioned and admired by the professionals. The concept is known to have been directly inspired by Versaille, where the royal residence, gardens and newly planned urban structures create a large-scale composition along a common axis with a far-reaching impact. Historical research confirms the relation between these two layouts, paying particular attention to the ideological and formal references they share. It emphasises the „Infinite” westbound reach of the Saxon Axis, prolonged by the arrangement of the fields in the remote Wola district, and the equally distant opening towards the east, continued across the interior of Krakowskie Przedmieście street, crossing the escarpment, and extending into an oxbow of the Vistula river to finally dissolve in the open landscape of the riverbank in the Praga district, poorly urbanized at the time.

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Pamięci Profesora Mirosława Przyłęckiego

Kłosek-Kozłowska D.

Kwartalnik Architektury i Urbanistyki

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2012

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T. 57, z. 4

88-90

3

Ochrona wartości kulturowych miast a urbanistyka

Kuśnierz K., Kłosek-Kozłowska D.

Wiadomości Konserwatorskie

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2007

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Nr 21

93

PL

Rozpowszechniona przed kilkoma tygodniami publikacja książkowa Danuty Kłosek-Kozłowskiej dotyczy szeroko rozumianej problematyki ochrony miast zabytkowych. Została wydana przez Oficynę Wydawniczą Politechniki Warszawskiej jako praca naukowa w serii Architektura.

EN

Widespread few weeks before the publication of a book by Danuta Klosek-Kozlowska concerns the issue of the protection of historic cities. Was published by the Publishing House of Warsaw University of Technology as a research paper in a series of Architecture.

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Ochrona wartości kulturowych miast a urbanistyka

Kłosek-Kozłowska D.

Prace Naukowe Politechniki Warszawskiej. Seria Architektura

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2007

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nr 4

3-207

EN

The discussion on the expression of new art and on the beauty of the functional which stirred Europe at the turn of the 20th century explains why interest in town development was initially focused on aesthetic issues. The immediate impulse came from Camillo Sittes work Der Stadtebau nach seinen kunstlerischen Grundsatzen (Town-buildingaccording to artistic principles), published in Vienna in 1889. At the time when European capitals were being extensively restructured and modernized Sitte's book, drawing the reader's attention to the beauty of towns resulting from the harmony of various stylistic layers accumulated throughout centuries, was meant as an argument for a cautious approach to ancient urban structures. According to Sitte, the unity of life and art, so greatly emphasized in the early phase of modernism, was most fully expressed by urban space, the kunstraum, which he discovered as a topic for scientific research. Therefore he wanted to see urbanists among sensitive artists not among calculating engineers. It is to them, to modern town builders, that he addressed his essays, trying to appeal to their imagination, aesthetic sense and knowledge of arts. He argued that it was necessary to look for ways of gradual development for towns, to allow them to change step by step to accommodate to the changing requirements of modern life, at the same time preserving their ancient beauty, indispensable in man's everyday life from time immemorial. He was the first to face up to the major urbanistic problem of the turn of the 20th c., namely reconciling the pressure for developing towns with conserving their cultural values. He considered the two necessities to be only seemingly in conflict. Due to his precursory multifaceted approach to the historic town Camillo Sitte was not only the father of the history of town-building but also the initiator of modern town-planning, which takes into consideration the values of heritage. He was truly a conservator urbanist, who touched the issues fundamental for the quality of urban space and related them to the necessary analytic basis, thus challenging all the modern town-planners. The first part of the dissertation, devoted to the sources of "urban conservation", stresses the influence of Sittes work on the development of the scientific investigation of urban structure, so far overlooked in our literature. It brings out the originality of his views on towns in the context of spatial values shaped throughout centuries, the multitude of topics that he addressed, the acuteness of his judgments and observations, as well as the inspiration that he provided for new disciplines of humanities. It was not only research on the history of town-building and on urban structure that benefited from his studies; also social sciences, including psychology and sociology, drew from his insights to develop new branches, such as sociology of the town or psychology of space. Similarly, Sittes mathematical principles of perspective and the physiology of vision exerted an invigorating influence on the perception of space and on landscape studies, leading to considering urban structures and architecture in a wide environmental context in order to preserve the beauty of historic towns and the picturesque interiors of their streets and squares. Sittes book, which was very popular at the turn of the 20th c., was also a significant contribution to the debate on historical monuments and the values by which they are defined. The second chapter of the present dissertation advances and motivates a claim that has not been posed in the literature so far, namely that Sittes views on the unique values represented by historic urban space had a considerable impact on the concept and definition of the monument and on the conservation theory whose scientific basis was worked out by the outstanding historians of art and conservators: Alois Riegl, Max Dvorak and Georgh Dehio. Sitte was the first to point out that the town, viewed traditionally as a work of art, is the most trouble some type of monument, especially as regards the identification of its values. It is troublesome not only because it can be evaluated differently, both by professionals and by common people, and because such judgements are usually subjective and change from generation to generation, as was later noted by Riegl in his description of the system of values defining monuments, but also because of the conflict between old structures and the needs of modernity, which influences those judgments, and which in the case of historic towns seems to be eternal and permanent. Let us note that this conflict, if it is not recognized, especially in the sphere of community values and expectations, often results in a loss of the intangible symbolic local values which Max Dvorak called "the spirit of the place - genius loci". The present dissertation has two important leading motifs. Part I shows that the role of the community in town conservation was recognized already at the outset of conservation theory. Part II demonstrates the negative results of ignoring this role as well as the beneficial influence of its recognition on the effectiveness of historic town protection and on the development of civic society in democracy. Already at the turn of the 20th c. problems of urban heritage conservation consolidated the efforts of both professionals and social activists. This accustomed town-planners to being constantly controlled by public opinion and the community, especially its elite, to the active participation in the life of their town. Heritage protection movements were initiated wherever time, tradition and history had left distinct, original traces in urban structures. They tried to block the so-called 'hausmannization of urban space', which was also criticized by Sitte, especially in the case of small and medium-sized towns, where staking out wide straight traffic corridors at the expense of old buildings was unnecessary and stemmed from irrational attempts to imitate metropolises. The restructuring of Paris, Vienna and Berlin, or of other cities that followed their example, like Antwerp, Brussels, Florence or Amsterdam, provided urbanists with excellent opportunities to confront heritage conservation principles with town-building practice. Chapters III and IV explore the origins of theoretical reflection on the history and protection of towns in Poland and the emergence of modern town-planning techniques. It is shown that Camillo Sitte's ideas were promptly accepted and creatively developed in Poland, especially in the intellectual circles of Cracow (Stanisław Tomkowicz) and Lvow (Roman Feliński, Ignacy Drexler) and among young Warsaw academics (Tadeusz Tołwiński and his Chair of Town-Planning, Oskar Sosnowski and his Section of Polish Architecture at the Warsaw Faculty of Architecture). Chapter III discusses the approach to the history of town-building and to issues of modern town-planning presented in the first Polish coursebooks, which were published by Roman Feliński and Ignacy Drexler in 1916, just before the appearance of the first great synthetic work devoted to town-building in Europe, Stadtbaukunst. Handbuch der Kunstwissenschaft by Albrecht Erich Brinckmann. The theoretical perspective is broadened by pointing out direct links between the Polish concept of town preservation and the Viennese and German conservation schools, motivated by easy access to universities in Vienna an Germany. The mobility of professional elites and the free exchange of ideas characteristic of the epoch on the one hand facilitated the development of town-planning methodology and modern urbanistic techniques and on the other - stimulated scientific research on the history of town building and interest in their protection. Chapter IV discusses the issue of modern town-planning and its relation to urban heritage protection in Poland between World War I and II, also in the light of the legal regulations introduced at that time. It closes part I, intended as a broad outline of the historical background, covering the out-set of interest in old towns and of research on their history, and going back to the origins of "urban conservation", i.e. to those experiments connected with the emergence of modern urbanistic methods in the construction of the plan which enriched town-planning with historical studies. The analytic approach to the historic structure of towns, highly useful in planning, is an outstanding achievement of the Warsaw urbanistic school, constituting its significant contribution to historical studies on towns, especially after World War II. It has resulted in the development of a new research discipline, history of town-building, which since its birth at the Warsaw University of Technology has been inextricably connected with modern urbanistic methods in urban design. Those issues have not been sufficiently explored in the literature so far. The second part of the dissertation, entitled Towards a methodology of urban heritage protection, is devoted to the further development of the method of protecting the historic structure of towns through planning decisions. Chapter V, introducing the problems of town protection after World War II, contrasts the short phase of continuing the outstanding inter-war achievements, connected with reconstructing towns devastated during the war, with the following long period of arbitrary urbanistic decisions, which resulted from the enthusiastic acceptance of the modern 'theory of urbanism' presented in the Athens Charter of CIAM as well as from the peculiarities of the planning system in the Polish People's Republic. The author recalls a highly original contribution of the "Polish conservation school" of the time to the methodology of town protection, namely historic urban studies. Although their primary objective was to motivate the planning decisions taken in the course of rebuilding cities devastated by the war, they were also used as an exceptional chance to initiate the scientific investigation of urban structure of the city, to search for dispersed archives and to gather historical documentation, which resulted in extensive and often pioneering work on the source basis for a new discipline - history of town-building. Utilizing the effects of this effort in the Polish People's Republic was difficult. The protection of historic towns, arbitrarily interpreted and imperiously imposed on urbanistic projects was either defied or at best treated indifferently by society. It meant lack of visible effects in urban space or destroying the effects just achieved through great effort. In this way monument conservation, and especially town protection, became a socially-isolated domain. Consequences of this process are probably the most difficult obstacle in the efficient space management of Polish historic towns nowadays. The author's ptoposal of a community-based model of conserving historic urban structures through town-planning and plan construction, resulting from the experience of old town protection projects realized in the 1970s and 1980s, is an original contribution to the methodology of urban heritage protection in Poland. The proposed model is motivated in chapter VI, entitled The language of space and the cultural identity of the town, in which the complexities of urban structure are considered from the perspective of a historian of town-building and it is argued that understanding the nature of heritage, identifying the values of the spatial structure and valorizing it for the purposes of city space protection are all necessary conditions for the efficient management of the town in line with the expectations and objectives of the community. A historian of town-building is indispensable in this process. The dissertation proves that historical analyses of towns, their urban structures, are crucial for developing the democratic procedures of local law-making in constructing the local plan of spatial development - in urban design. The potential of heritage, in terms of enhancing the chances for the towns economic development and for creating high quality public space, helps to preserve the individuality and identity of urban structure, the centre of which is the man with his needs and aspirations. The awareness of cultural values, values of heritage, can be a crucial factor in facilitating the development of local communities based on the idea of civic society in democracy conditions.

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Elementy tzw. stylu racjonalnego domów spółdzielni "Ognisko" w Warszawie na tle planowania urbanistycznego międzywojennej Warszawy

Kłosek-Kozłowska D.

Kwartalnik Architektury i Urbanistyki

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2002

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T. 47, z. 3

251-264

EN

In 1915 just before regaining by Poland its status of an independent country, Warsaw become capital city and prepared herself for fulfilling functions of a European metropolis. The new Municipal Board turned to aperienced, architects and town planners, members of the Circle of Architects, with a request for a town-planning vision of shaping the capital. This difficult task was undertaken by Prof. Tadeusz Tołwiński, who together with a team composed of Karol Jankowski, Józef Heurich, Franciszek Lilpop, Cezary Rudnicki and Stefan Szyller, presented at a session held by the magistrate in December 1916 a scheme of a future plan of Warsaw entitled The Initial Sketch for the Regulation Plan. An opportunity for sketching a vision of a modern Warsaw with dispersed development enhanced with green spaces and healthy, ("hygienic", to use a term from the epoch) forms of residential housing, was provided by the considerable enlargement of the administrative region of the town, freed from a rigid ring of fortifications. In 1915 Warsaw incorporated not only nearby villages and suburbs, but also the sprawling terrains of the former Russian "Warszawa" fort. Work on the first regulation plan of Warsaw was by no means easy, and for technical reasons could assume only the form of a sketch. This document, of immense importance for the Polish capital, analysed the town-planning potential of development and contained a vision of shaping Warsaw which corresponded to the challenges of new town-planning theories. When studying its main ideas we come across the principles of the then devised modern town-planning which for many years became a canon of the town planner's workshop: the distinction of districts with service centres as well as functional spherical development with a division into compact, mixed (housing, trade, industry), dispersed and industrial. The plan also included references to the idea of the "garden city" launched by Ebenezer Howard, which from the beginning of the century had made a worldwide career. The usefulness of the so-called "Tołwiński plan" from 1916 is discernible especially in decisions about the division of land for the housing cooperatives emerging at the time. From the beginning of the 1920s the state treasury intended the easily accessible former Army terrains, such as the northern edges of Pole Mokotowskie, to become part of cooperative building investments. The first to be delineated in this region were the lots along the Water Works and Filtrowa Street, situated on the former outskirts of the town. At the time, Topolowa Street - (a poplar avenue) - led from Nowowiejska Street to the main gate of the Warsaw civilian and military airport, with the open terrain of Pole Mokotowskie to the east and the horse race tracks in the distance. Indubitably, the approach to the airport and the planned promotion of Topolowa Street served as a pretext for introducing its two-sided development. In this manner, a rectangular residential estate lot was extracted from Pole Mokotowskie on the eastern side of Topolowa Street. The lot - with an area of 8 500 sq. metres - was granted as a perpetual lease to the "Ognisko" building-housing cooperative, established in 1923 by celebrated politicians and professional people. In 1923-1927 the Cooperative built a residential estate which, envisaged as an experiment linked with a search for a modern model of urban development, was an interesting response to the social problems of towns, discussed at the beginning of the century. It is also an excellent illustration of the artistic quest for the expression and aesthetics of Warsaw architecture in the mid-1920s. A high artistic level of the houses constituting the "Ognisko" Cooperative was the work of the team of the estate's authors. The chief designer - architect Roman Feliński (1886-1953), a graduate of the Royal Higher Technical School in Munich and the Lvov Polytechnic, and then the latter's professor as well as a highly acclaimed town planner, was the author of one of the first textbooks about building towns. In it, he drew attention to "space conceived as an essential artistic elemen" of the town, whose shaping should be subjected to "the same requirements [ ... ] as the creation of living space". Together with Roman Feliński the "Ognisko" houses were designed and built by his collaborators, eminent Warsaw architects: Józef Krupa - a well-known specialist dealing with residential housing, highly regarded in the Circle of Architects, Stanisław Kraskowski - an experienced architect, and Stefan Sienicki, the youngest among the designers who soon became recognised as an extremely talented architect. Work on the construction of the "Ognisko" estate proved to be an important experience and a path towards rapid promotion. The "Ognisko" Cooperative created an enclosed housing estate block with residential buildings along the streets and garden space inside the lot. They constitute a clearly distinguished functional-spatial unit composed of two residential complexes, whose architectural expression, scale of development, composition of elevations and detail correspond to the rank of the streets for which they created individualised rows of houses. The objects in question comprise an interesting example of pioneering architectural and town-planning solutions associated with a current searching for a modern model of town residences, pursued in the mid-1920s. Apart from references to the fashionable "garden city" model which guaranteed its residents direct contact with greennery, they proposed a new type of urban development designed according to the requirements of hygiene and health, for which suitable insolation, ventilation and number of residents per room were the most important parameters. Already in the course of construction, projects of the "Ognisko" houses were displayed at the "Flat and Town" exhibition held by the Union of Polish Towns in Warsaw (1926). The show was financed by the Ministry of Public Works, which from the very outset of its activity regarded efforts connected with a new type of residential development, "most suitable for Polish climatic, social and economic conditions", to be an issue of utmost urgency not only for Warsaw. The discriminant of this "style" was, apart from the application of functional spatial units and distinctive structures constituting the elements of the housing estate composition, also the application of repetitive solutions which, similarly to elements of standardised industrial production were, differently arranged, to become decisive for rational, modern aesthetics. The "Ognisko" estate, therefore, contain a specific stylistic dualism in the solutions applied throughout the whole estate. Alongside bold rational currents, truly avantgarde, their architecture also includes earlier, still well-embedded tendencies which, although regarded as modern, referred to contrary ideas - tradition and history. The "Ognisko" buildings clearly reflect this process. They also show vividly the moment of departure of architecture operating with traditional forms, which made way for modern architectural forms. Its synonym was the avantgarde art represented by two Warsaw-based groups: Blok and Praesens, which from the mid-1920s paved the way for the Polish avantgarde. The philosophy represented by those groups undoubtedly exerted a great impact on the activity of the "Ognisko" architects, who completed the housing estate in an atmosphere in which modern art was becoming the "leading style", and simple forms, smooth walls, modularity and repeatability became the obligatory language. This dialogue between the departing and emerging tendencies in architecture, the professional dilemma experienced by every architect in every epoch, demonstrates a still "unsteady" pursuit of modernity, particularly characteristic for this period. In early twentieth-century Poland, however, this trend became specially accelerated, thus placing architecture and architects in a situation of strong pressure and the necessity of rapid reactions to assorted changes.