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Naturalna roślinność w rejonach starych zwałowisk odpadów po górnictwie rud Zn-Pb w okolicy Bolesławia i Bukowna (region śląsko-krakowski; południowa Polska)

Szarek-Łukaszewska G., Grodzińska K.

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2008

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Vol. 56, nr 7

528-531

2

Vegetation of a post-mining open pit (Zn/Pb ores): three-year study of colonization

Szarek-Łukaszewska G., Grodzińska K.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2007

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Vol. 55, nr 2

261-282

EN

The post-mining (Zn, Pb) open pit under study (local name "Krążek") is situated in the Silesian Upland (50 [degrees] 17'N, 19 [degrees] 27'E) in an area abounding in zinc-lead ores. The open pit, 7.5 ha in area and 30 m deep, was designated for reclamation. Reclamation work started in 1999 and consisted in filling the excavation with foreign (nonlocal) material, and planting pine and oak. It was completed in 2002. Studies of the vegetation colonizing the open pit were carried out in 20 permanent plots (25 m[^2]) representing two types of imported soil substrate (sandy, clayey) in the years 2003-2005. They were based on 60 phytosociological releves made according to Braun-Blanquet's methods. In the studied open pit, 178 vascular plant species, spontaneously colonizing the newly created substrate, were found. Only 43 species were present in every year of the study. Most frequent were sporadic species (130), occurring in less than 20% of the releves. The plants of the reclaimed area represented different ecological groups. Species associated with human-transformed sites (e.g. Solidago canadensis, Tussilago farfara) were the most numerous, but their number decreased with time during the study. Species connected with seminatural (meadow) sites (e.g. Achillea millefolium, Daucus carota) and natural (xerothermic and sandy grassland) sites (e.g. Hypericum perforatum, Poa compressa, Corynephorus canescens) were less frequent, but their number increased with time during the study. Six groups of species connected with the soil substrate type (sand - Rumex acetosella, Cardaminopsis arenosa; clay - Ranunculus repens, Medicago lupulina) and the colonization period (2003 - Atriplex patula, Polygonum lapathifolium, Polygonum hydropiper; 2004-2005 - Calamagrostis epigejos, Leontodon hispidus) were distinguished. Species composition changed over the study period. In the clayey plots these changes were more apparent than in the sandy ones. The numbers of species were lower, the diversity indexes slightly lower and the even.ness indexes slightly higher in 2003 than in later years (2004-2005). The initial stages of colonization of the open pit were characterized by the presence of mostly nonlocal ruderal species (Melandrium album, Matricaria martima, Atriplex patula) which originated from the bank of diaspores in the soil brought to the open pit and from seeds introduced during the reclamation work. Local plants contributed little to the colonization process. Ecological restoration methods in areas degraded by mining activity are discussed; the use of local soil material containing the local bank of diasporas and soil microorganism associations is recommended.

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Plant bioindicators in the environmental monitoring

Godzik B., Szarek-Łukaszewska G.

Chemia i Inżynieria Ekologiczna

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2005

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Vol. 12, nr 7

677-693

EN

In addition to technical methods, biological methods are a1so used to determine the extent and volurne ofenvironmenta1 pollution. Of bio1ogica1 indicators, mosses and lichens are most often used for that purpose; higher p1ants are much rarer used. On the basis of investigations carried out in the Niepołomice Forest during the 1ast 30 years there are given examp1es of the use of these three groups of p1ants for monitoring the degree of pollution, mostly by heavy metals, in that area.

PL

W badaniach stopnia zanieczyszczenia środowiska szeroko stosowanymi są, obok metod technicznych, metody biologiczne. Wśród wskaźników biologicznych do najczęściej stosowanych nalezą mchy i porosty, rzadziej używane są rośliny wyższe. Na podstawie badań prowadzonych w Puszczy Niepołomickiej w ciągu ostatnich 30 lat pokazano przykłady zastosowań tych trzech grup roślin do monitorowania stopnia zanieczyszczenia środowiska tego obszaru głównie metalami ciężkimi.

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Concentrations of eight trace metals in natural surface soils: a comparison between Poland and Norway

Steinnes E., Grodzińska K., Szarek-Łukaszewska G., Nygard T.

Chemia i Inżynieria Ekologiczna

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2005

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Vol. 12, nr 5-6

603-609

EN

Results from simultaneous nationwide surveys in Poland and Norway of eight trace metals (vanadium, chromium, manganese, nickel, copper, zinc, cadmium, lead) in natural surface soils, using the same sampling procedure, are compared. The highest values are generally found in southern Poland, mainly as a result of local industrial emissions. In the central and northern parts of Poland the metal levels do not vary much and may depend on natural levels in the mineral soil and diffuse air pollution. Except for Mn and Cr the median levels in southernmost Norway are comparable to those in southern Poland, although somewhat lower. The Pb and Cd levels in central and northern Norway are substantially lower than in central and northern Poland, probably because of less influence from atmospheric deposition. Manganese in natural surface soils is depleted where there is a significant atmospheric deposition of air pollutants or marine salt cations.

PL

Porównano wyniki badań - stężenia ośmiu metali (wanad, chrom, mangan, nikiel, miedź, cynk, kadm, ołów) w powierzchniowych warstwach gleb Polski i Norwegii - prowadzonych w tym samym czasie i przy użyciu tych samych metod. Największe stężenia pierwiastków stwierdzono w południowej Polsce znajdującej się pod wpływem emisji lokalnych, głównie przemysłowych. W środkowej i północnej Polsce natomiast poziom metali w powierzchniowej warstwie gleb był na ogół podobny, najpewniej zależny od naturalnych stężeń tych pierwiastków w mineralnej warstwie gleb i niewielkiego zanieczyszczenia atmosfery. Poziomy stężenia metali (z wyjątkiem Mn i Cr) w powierzchniowej warstwie gleb w najbardziej południowej części Norwegii są porównywalne z poziomami tych pierwiastków w południowej Polsce. Poziomy stężenia Pb i Cd w środkowej i północnej Norwegii są wyraźnie niższe niż w środkowej i północnej Polsce, prawdopodobnie ze względu na mniejszy wpływ atmosferycznej depozycji. Poziom stężenia Mn w powierzchniowej warstwie gleb jest obniżony na obszarach, w których jest wyraźna depozycja zanieczyszczeń, jak również w terenach nadmorskich.

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Input of chemical elements to the forest ecosystem on the carpathian foothills (s. Poland)

Szarek-Łukaszewska G.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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1999

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Vol. 47, no 2

191-213

EN

Atmospheric inputs of elements (macro, micro nutrients and pollutants) to the pinebeech forest (Ratanica stream catchment, Carpathian Foothills, S Poland) were examined in the years 1991-1995. The input embraced bulk precipitation and throughfall. Chemical composition of precipitation was largely influenced by air pollution in the catchment. Four factors can be distinguished responsible for the raised ionic inputs to the forest: (1) long-range transport of pollutants bringing principally H^+, NO[3]^-, SO[4]^2-, CI^- and Pb^2+, (2) local emissions from domestic heating (mainly Zn^2-, Cd^2+ and Ca^2+), (3) local dust emissions from fields and roads (K^+, Mg^2+, Ca^2+), and (4) agriculture (NH[4]^+, PO[4]^3-). Concentrations and loads of some ions (SO[4]^2-, CI^-, Pb^2+, Cd^2+) to the forest tended to decline over the study period. Element inputs in bulk precipitation to the Ratanica catchment were moderately high, generally lower than those to polluted areas of Europe (Germany), and hig her the inputs to the relatively unpolluted regions (Scandinavia). In relation to forests of central and northern Poland, the inputs estimated were, as a rule, great. Sulphur and nitrogen loads to the study forest did not exsceed threshold values for the Carpathian Foothills. Chronic pollution of the forest ecosystem in Ratanica catchment seems to be responsible for transformations of lichen flora and herb layer composition. Gradual acidification of upper soil layers was found to occur in Ratanica stream catchment. Continuous atmospheric deposition has also led to heavy metal accumulation in the soil. Acid precipitation and substantial quantities of heavy metals may pose a threat to the forest ecosystem. Any further nitrogen input to the Ratanica forest may cause demands for the element to be exceeded, and the ecosystem to collapse.